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Lars-Goran Mattsson Tschangho John Kim (Eds.) Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment Advances in Spatial Systems Modelling With 53 Figures and 52 Tables , Springer Professor Lars Lundqvist Professor Lars-Goran Mattsson Royal Institute of Technology Department of Infrastructure and Planning Division of Transport and Location Analysis S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Professor Tschangho John Kim University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Urban and Regional Planning 111 Temple Buell Hall 611 E. Lorado Taft Dr. Champaign, IL 61820, USA ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72244-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72242-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-72242-4 Cataloging-in-Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Network infrastructure and the urban environment: advances inspatial systems modelling I Lars Lundqvist ... (ed.).- Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer. 1998 (Advances in spatial science) This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. specifically the rights of translation. reprinting. reuse of illustrations. recitation. broadcasting. reproduction on microfilms or in any other ways. and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9. 1965. in its current version. and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998 The use of general descriptive names. registered names. trademarks. etc. in this publication does not imply. even in the absence of a specific. statement. that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Hardcoverdesign: Erich Kirchner. Heidelberg SPIN 10655475 4212202-5 43 2 1 0 -Printed on acid-free paper Preface This volume is the result of an international collaboration, which started with a conference at Smadalaro Gfrrd in Sweden. The workshop was supported by the National Science Foundation of the USA (INT-9215114) and by the Swedish National Road Administration, the Swedish Council for Building Research, the Swedish Transport and Communications Research Board and the Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research. This support is gratefully acknow ledged. The collaboration started as a bilateral u.S.-Swedish endeavour but was soon widened to other scholars in Europe, Asia, Australia and South-America. Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment is a policy area of growing importance. Sustainable cities and sustainable transport systems are necessary for attaining a sustainable development. The research and policy field, represented in this volume, comprises a number of challenging contrasts: - the contrast between infrastructure investments, mobility and environmental sustainability; - the contrast between policy contexts, modelling traditions and available decision support systems in various parts of the world; - the contrast between available best practice methods and the majority of models applied in planning; the contrast between static models of cross-sectionary equilibria and dynamic models of disequilibrium adjustments; and the contrast between state-of-the-art operationalland-use/transport models and new demands for land-use/transportlenvironment models due to changing policy contexts. Bridging some of these gaps constitutes important research tasks, that are discussed in the twenty-two chapters of this book. A number of emerging research directions are identified in the introduction and summary chapter. In addition to cross-refereeing by the authors of this volume, many colleagues have contributed to the improvement of its content by careful reviews of earlier versions of the chapters: Alex Anas, Roland ArtIe, Joseph Berechman, Erik Anders Eriksson, Stephen Fournier, Stewart Fotheringham, Marc Gaudry, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, James Hicks, Roger Mackett, Norbert Oppenheim, Michael Patriksson, Poulicos Prastacos, David Simmonds, Kenneth Small, Tony Smith and Roger Vickerman. Their efforts are gratefully acknowledged. David Batten was instrumental in organising the workshop and in the planning of this publication. vi Preface The editing work has been done within the Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. Sixteen of the chapters have been edited in Word or WordPerfect by Ingrid Johansson and six of the chapters have been edited in LaTeX by Anders Karlstrom. We thank both of them for efficient and conscientious work. Steve Scott-Robson has assisted in improving the language of non-English speaking authors. The work has been coordinated by Lars Lundqvist and Lars-Goran Mattsson, earlier within the Division of Regional Planning and currently within the recently established Division of Transport and Location Analysis. Stockholm in April, 1998. Lars Lundqvist Lars-Goran Mattsson Tschangho John Kim Contents Preface v 1 Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment: Introduction and Summary Lars Lundqvist, Lars-Goran Mattsson and Tschangho John Kim Part I ISSUES 2 Infrastructure and Economic Milieu: Swedish Contributions 19 1960-1995 Borje Johansson 3 The Changing Context of Transportation Modeling: Implications 53 of the New Ecouomy, Intermodalism and the Drive for Environ mental Quality T.R. Lakshmanan 4 Excess Commuting in U.S. Metropolitan Areas 72 Edwin S. Mills 5 Household Commuting: Implications of the Behavior of 84 Two-Worker Households for Land-Userrransportation Models Peter Gordon, Yu-chun Liao and Harry Richardson Part I I DYNAMICS AND EQUILIBRIA IN NETWORK MODELLING: NEW THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS 6 Disequilibrium Network Design: A New Paradigm for 99 Transportation Planning and Control Terry L. Friesz, Samir Shah and David Bernstein viii Contents 7 Infinite Dimensional Formulations of Some Dynamic Traffic 112 Assignment Models David Bernstein and Terry L. Friesz 8 Introduction to Projected Dynamical Systems for Traffic 125 Network Equilibrium Problems Anna N agurney and Ding Zhang 9 Worker and Workplace Heterogeneity and Residential 157 Location: A Historical Perspective on Stockholm Bjorn Hiirsman and John M. Quigley 10 Parameter Estimation for Combined Travel Choice Models 177 David E. Boyce and Yu-Fang Zhang 11 Discrete Spatial Price Equilibrium 194 Sven Erlander and Jan T. Lundgren 12 Integration of Freight Network and Computable General 212 Equilibrium Models Terry L. Friesz, Zhong-Gui Suo and Lars Westin 13 A Spatial Computable General Equilibrium Approach for 224 Measuring MuItiregional Impacts of Large Scale Trans- portation Projects Toshihiko Miyagi Part III INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITY LOCATION AND TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AND REGIONAL SYSTEMS 14 Applied Models of Urban Land Use, Transport and 245 Environment: State of the Art and Future Developments Michael Wegener 15 Results from Implementation of Integrated Transportation 268 and Land Use Models in Metropolitan Regions Stephen H. Putman 16 Improved Logit Formulations for Integrated Land Use, 288 Transport and Environmental Models Tomas de la Barra Contents ix 17 Modelling Land-Use and Transport Interaction: Policy 308 Analyses Using the IMREL Model Christer Anderstig and Lars-Goran Mattsson 18 A Combined Model for Analysing Network Infrastructure 329 and Land-UselTransportation Interactions Lars Lundqvist 19 Development of a Compact Urban Simulation Model 344 John R. Roy, Leorey O. Marquez, Michael A.P. Taylor and Takayuki Veda 20 An Interactive Computer System for Land-Use Transport 361 Analysis Geoffrey G. Roy and Folke Snickars 21 A Combined Economic Activity and Transportation Model: 381 A Solution Procedure and Application to Multi-Regional Planning Paul F. Hanley and Tschangho John Kim 22 Road Infrastructure and Corridor Development 395 Sytze A. Rienstra, Piet Rietveld, Maarten T.R. Hilferink and Frank R. Bruinsma 1 Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment: Introduction and Summary Lars Lundqvist Tschangho John Kim Lars-Goran Mattsson Department of Urban and Regional Planning Department ofInfrastructure and Planning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Division of Transport and Location Analysis III Temple Buell Hall Royal Institute of Technology 611 E. Lorado Taft Dr. S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Champaign, IL61820, USA 1.1 Challenging Issues Transportation and communications networks together with the built environment constitute a major share of a society's infrastructure. The amount of investment in this area in any country, particularly in developed countries, is immense. The impact of infrastructure on economic efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness, as well as on people's welfare is also tremendous. But there is a negative side to this as well, especially to the expansion of transportation networks and the accompanying increased motorised mobility. Air emissions, the use of non renewable resources, accidents and congestion are a few examples of issues that have been raised in the growing public debate. Sustainability, apart from the fact that it is not easily defined, has become a key concept in transport policy forming. A proper understanding of the role of infrastructure for welfare - including positive and negative externalities - and economic growth will be a decisive factor for a successful urban and regional policy that can balance different objectives in an appropriate way. This very broad picture leads to a number of challenging research issues. Even if it has been possible to connect infrastructure provision with economic growth, much remains to be done before the exact nature of this relationship has been fully understood. Improved transportation infrastructure will reduce travel times and transportation costs. But are these the only effects? Some approaches look at how infrastructure influences the development of a regional economic milieu and what factors can explain location decisions. What makes certain regions or cities more prosperous? Contact opportunities, interaction patterns, regional attributes, accessibility and agglomeration economies are important concepts in this context. Reductions in travel time and transportation cost are typically evaluated by cost-benefit analysis. This requires, among other things, that all relevant effects of individuals and firms on transportation and location behaviour are incorporated in the underlying demand models. Both theory and data place restrictions on what can be included in a demand model. There is then a risk that certain effects are simply excluded by assumption. It is desirable to improve the methodology to cover impacts of infrastructure investments such as induced traffic, relocation and productivity changes in a more precise way. L. Lundqvist et al. (eds.), Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment © Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg 1998