xaTuna CafiCaZe Khatuna Chapichadze (Cemi safirmo emblema) neoliberalizmi da saqarTvelo monografia Neoliberalism and Georgia moNoGraph Tbilisi TBILISI 2013 1 UDK - 32.001+316 C-272 yvela ufleba daculia all rights reserved © xaTuna CafiCaZe, 2013 © Khatuna Chapichadze, 2013 el. fosta/E-mail: [email protected] redaqtorebi: vaJa SubiTiZe, nugzar bardaveliZe Editors: Vazha Shubitidze, Nugzar Bardavelidze dizaini, kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: lela CafiCaZe Design, Computer assistance: Lela Chapichadze recenzentebi: vasil kaWarava, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis amerikis Seswavlis institutis direqtori; henri kupraSvili, politikur mecniereba- Ta doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profe- sori; zurab gamezardaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori. reviewers: Vasil Kacharava, Doctor of historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of ameri- can Studies at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; henri Kuprashvili, Doctor of political Sciences, Full professor of Georgian Technical University (GTU); Zurab Gamezardashvili, Doctor of philological Sciences, Full professor of Georgian Tech- nical University (GTU) . ISBN 978-9941-0-5745-8 2 winasityvaoba Tqvens winaSea axalgazrda, perspeqtiuli mkvlevaris, socia- luri mecnierebebis akademiuri doqtoris (politikuri mecniere- bebis dargSi) xaTuna CafiCaZis naSromi. es aris qarTul politikur mecnierebaSi pirveli monografiuli gamokvleva neoliberaliz- mis, rogorc ideologiis, Sesaxeb. avtorma gaswia mniSvnelovani sa- muSao, Tavi mouyara neoliberalizmis Sesaxeb ucxour da qarTul masalebs, naSromebs da kritikulad ganixila isini. xaTuna CafiCaZe obieqturad aanalizebs neoliberalizmis arss, mis ZiriTad mimar- Tulebebs da maxasiaTeblebs, pozitiur da negatiur mxareebs da xsnis im mizezebsac, ramac gamoiwvia Tanamedrove neoliberalizmis CixSi Sesvla da faqtiuri kraxi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. vaJa SubiTiZe, politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori prEFaCE here is the work by Khatuna Chapichadze, the young, perspective researcher, aca- demic Doctor of Social Sciences (Direction of Political Science). This is the first monographic research of neoliberalism as an ideology in Georgian political science. The author did significant job. She gathered foreign and Georgian materials, works, and discussed them critically. Khatuna Chapichadze objectively analyzes the essence of neoliberalism, its main directions and characteristics, positive and negative sides, and explains the reasons causing the crisis of contemporary neoliberalism and its ac- tual collapse, in Georgia as well. Vazha Shubitidze, Doctor of political Sciences 3 winamdebare wigni ,,neoliberalizmi da saqarTvelo” warmoadgens erT-erT pirvel mcdelobas, mecnieruli kvlevisa da analizis saSuale- biT, qarTvel sazogadoebas warmoudginos is politikuri siaxleebi da gamowvevebi, romelTa winaSec dgas Cveni qveyana ukanasknel aT- wleulSi. problemebi, rasac neoliberalizmi ayenebs, axalia, miTumetes saqarTvelosTvis, aqedan gamomdinare ki, naklebad Seswavlili, ami- tom kidev ufro meti pasuxismgeblobis winaSe ayenebs yvela mkvle- vars, vinc cdilobs farda axados da gansjis sakiTxad aqcios erT- gvarad tabudadebuli Tema. siaxleebTan SeWideba, Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebis kvleva da savaraudo gamosavlebis Zieba sworedac rom axalgazrda mecnierTa pleadis upirvelesi amocanaa, radgan swored maT uwevT axal gare- moSi moRvaweoba da qveynisaTvis swori orientirebis micema. xaTuna CafiCaZe swored am Taobis mecnieria, romelmac poloneTis erT-erT saukeTeso - krakovis universitetSi gaiara xangZlivi staJireba da uSualod evropis magaliTze eziara neoliberalizmis arss. es gare- moeba kidev ufro mniSvnelovansa da sainteresos xdis am naSroms. neoliberalizmi bolo aTwleulSi warmoadgenda saqarTvelos xe- lisuflebis prioritets, Tumca neoliberalizmis politikas aSka- ra da sakmaod mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdegeebic hyavs, romlebic mis antisazogadoebriv xasiaTze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. aris ki saerTod saqarTveloSi neoliberalizmi, an ki ra trans- formireba ganicada man? CvenTan xom yoveli mimdinareoba gansxvave- bulad - adgilobrivi kulturis, mentalobis, politikuri koniunq- turis gavleniT icvlis Tavis pirvandel saxes da xSir SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi danamatebis saxiT gvevlineba. xaTuna CafiCaZis wignSi pirveladaa gaazrebuli saqarTveloSi ukanasknel aTwleulSi mimdinare reformebis neoliberaluri xa- siaTi, Teoriuli baza da pragmatuli politikuri diskursi. mo- cemulia mcdeloba, gaanalizdes saerTod neoliberalizmi, misi saqarTveloSi intensiuri danergvis winapiroba da Taviseburebebi. ganxilulia liberalizmisa da neoliberalizmis rogorc qarTvel mimdevarTa, aseve maTi kritikosebis naazrevi. winamdebare wignis avtoris kidev erT Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos misi sazogadoebrivi aqtiuroba. igi ara mxolod mkvlevari da peda- gogia, aramed aqtiurad aris Cabmuli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. sxvanairad albaT warmoudgenelicaa politikis mecnierebiT dain- teresebuli adamiani, romelic ar cdilobs praqtikuli gamoyeneba 4 misces Tavis Teoriul ganaTlebas, iseve, rogorc qveynis srulfa- sovani moqalaqe, romelic ar cdilobs samoqalaqo uflebebis da Ta- visuflebebis ganuxrel dacvasa da Sesrulebas. xaTuna CafiCaZis wigni ,,neoliberalizmi da saqarTvelo” marTa- lia, upirveles wilad, gankuTvnilia umaRles saswavlebelTa stu- dentebisa da pedagogebisaTvis, magram darwmunebuli var, igi sa- magido wigni gaxdeba politikis mecnierebiT dainteresebuli yvela mkiTxvelisaTvis. nugzar bardaveliZe, istoriis akademiuri doqtori The book “Neoliberalism and Georgia” is one of the first attempts of representing for the Georgian society through scientific research and analysis those political novel- ties and challenges that face our country in the last decade. problems arisen by neoliberalism are new, especially for Georgia, and therefore, they are not studied well. This is the reason why it makes all the researchers who try to discover this tabooed topic and make it a subject of discussion: more responsible. Dealing with novelties, researching the challenges of modernity, and seeking pos- sible solutions are indeed one of the most important tasks for young scientists as in particular, they have to live and lead their activity in a new environment, as well as they are to shape the right reference points for the country. Khatuna Chapichadze is a scientist of this generation. She undertook a long-term fellowship programme in one of the best universities of poland, in Krakow, and learnt the essence of neoliberalism sharing the European experience, which makes this work more significant and inter- esting. Neoliberalism was a priority of the Georgian government in the last decade, though neoliberal policy has open and quite numerous opponents who indicated its antisocial character. Is there any neoliberalism in Georgia, and/or how has it been transformed? Each direction changes its original context in a different way in Georgia under the influence of the local culture, mentality, and political conjuncture, and it frequently represents the negative phenomenon. In the book by Khatuna Chapichadze, there are first time analyzed the neoliberal character, theoretic bases, and pragmatic political discourse of the reforms taking place in Georgia in the last decade. In this work, there is an attempt of understanding 5 neoliberalism in general, the preconditions and features of its intensive establishment in Georgia, as well as are discussed the ideas of Georgian supporters and critics of liberalism and neoliberalism. one more advantage of the author of this book is her public activity. She is not only a researcher and pedagogue, but she also is involved in public life. otherwise it is im- possible to imagine a person interested in political science who is not trying to practi- cally use its theoretical knowledge, as well as is hard to think of a valuable citizen who is not attempting to steadily protect civil rights and freedoms. Despite Khatuna Chapichadze’s book “Neoliberalism and Georgia” is first of all in- tended for university students and pedagogues, however, I am sure that it will become a ‘must to read’ for all the readers interested in political science. Nugzar Bardavelidze, academic Doctor of history 6 Sinaarsi: Tavi I: Tanamedrove neoliberalizmi 1.1. neoliberalizmi, rogorc Teoria da praqtika (saerTo mimoxilva)............................................................................................21 1.2. neoliberalizmis politikuri gansazRvreba......................................22 1.3. neoliberalizmis efeqtebi.....................................................................23 1.4. ekonomikuri liberalizmis mxardaWera...............................................24 I Tavis sqolio ...................................................................................................28 Tavi II: neoliberalizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi da misi Tanamedrove qarTuli konteqsti (kritikuli xedva) 2.1. neoliberalizmis zogadi kritika..........................................................30 2.2. ZiriTadi debulebebis kritikuli analizi.......................................33 II Tavis sqolio....................................................................................................39 Tavi III: neoliberalizmis krizisi 3.1. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi - neoliberalizmis krizisi ........40 3.2. krizisis arsi ..............................................................................................42 3.3. alternativa / `gamosavali~ Cveulebriv mokvdavTaTvis ..............46 III Tavis sqolio....................................................................................................51 Tavi IV: neoliberalizmi saqarTveloSi 4.1. `neoliberalizmis~ qarTuli samecniero ganmarteba.......................53 4.2. liberalizmisa da neoliberalizmis qarTveli mimdevrebi........................................................................................55 4.3. liberalizmisa da neoliberalizmis qarTveli kritikosebi ......59 4.4. (neoliberaluri) reformebi saqarTveloSi .....................................81 cxrilebis nusxa ..............................................................................................101 IV Tavis sqolio ...............................................................................................120 gamoyenebuli literaturisa da sxva wyaroebis sia ............................129 7 CoNTENTS: Chapter 1: Contemporary Neoliberalism 1.1. Neoliberalism as a Theory and practice (General overview) ......................21 1.2. Political Definition of Neoliberalism ............................................................22 1.3. Effects of Neoliberalism ...............................................................................23 1.4. Supporting Economic Liberalism .................................................................24 Scholium of chapter 1 ..........................................................................................28 Chapter 2: main points of Neoliberalism and Its Contemporary Georgian Context (Critical View) 2.1. General Criticism of Neoliberalism ..............................................................30 2.2. Critical analysis of the main points .............................................................33 Scholium of chapter 2 ..........................................................................................39 Chapter 3: The Crisis of Neoliberalism 3.1. The World Economic Crisis - the Crisis of Neoliberalism ...........................40 3.2. Essence of the Crisis .....................................................................................42 3.3. The alternative / ”Solution” for ordinary people ........................................46 Scholium of chapter 3 ..........................................................................................51 Chapter 4: Neoliberalism in Georgia 4.1. Georgian Scientific Definition of ”Neoliberalism” .......................................53 4.2. The Georgian Supporters of Liberalism and Neoliberalism .........................55 4.3. The Georgian Critics of Liberalism and Neoliberalism ................................59 4.4. (Neoliberal) reforms in Georgia ..................................................................81 List of tables .......................................................................................................101 Scholium of chapter 4 ........................................................................................120 List of literature and other materials used ..........................................................129 8 reziume monografiuli naSromi `neoliberalizmi da saqarTvelo~ Sedge- ba: titulis gverdi, reziume, Sinaarsi, cxrilebis nusxa, ZiriTadi teqsti, romelic Tavis mxriv Sedgeba - Sesavlis, oTxi Tavis, cameti qveTavis, literaturis mimoxilvis, Sedegebis, daskvnebis, rekomen- daciebis, sqoliosa da gamoyenebuli literaturisa da sxva wyaro- ebis siisagan. naSromis zogad daxasiaTebaSi - SesavalSi mocemulia gamo- sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba, kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle da misi pra- qtikuli mniSvneloba. wignSi `neoliberalizmi da saqarTvelo~ miznad davisaxeT zoga- dad ganvixiloT neoliberalizmis, rogorc msoflio dominanturi koncefciis Teoriuli da instrumentaluri praqtikis sakiTxebi - da gavaanalizoT misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi; da es yovelive, mniSvnelovani msoflio da adgilobrivi literaturis, kvlevis aqtualobidan gamomdinare - prioritetulad uaxlesi saer- TaSoriso Tu adgilobrivi politikuri da raportuli masalebis, mimdinare msoflio da saqarTvelos politikuri procesebisa da Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevebis analizis safuZvelze. naSromis pirveli Tavi `Tanamedrove neoliberalizmi~ Sedgeba oTxi qveTavisagan: 1. `neoliberalizmi, rogorc Teoria da praqtika (saerTo mimoxilva)~, 2. `neoliberalizmis politikuri gansazRvre- ba~, 3. `neoliberalizmis efeqtebi~ da 4. `ekonomikuri liberali- zmis mxardaWera~. pirvel qveTavSi saubaria neoliberalizmis zogad gansazRvre- baze Teoriul da praqtikul rakursebSi. meore qveTavSi gaanali- zebulia neoliberalizmis politikuri definicia. mesame qveTavSi warmodgenilia neoliberalizmis efeqtebi. xolo, meoTxe qveTavSi ganxilulia e.w. ekonomikuri liberalizmis mxardamWeri Sexedule- bebi da koncefciebi. monografiis meore Tavi `neoliberalizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi da misi Tanamedrove qarTuli konteqsti (kritikuli xedva)~ moicavs or qveTavs: 1. `neoliberalizmis zogadi kritika~ da 2. `ZiriTadi debulebebis kritikuli analizi~. pirvel qveTavSi gaazrebulia neoliberalizmisadmi sxvadasxvagvari zogadi kritikuli midgomebi maSin, roca meore qveTavSi warmodgenilia ideologiuri konstruqciis ZiriTad debulebaTa kritikuli analizi. 9 mesame Tavi `neoliberalizmis krizisi~ Sedgeba sami qveTavisa- gan: 1. `msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi - neoliberalizmis krizisi~, 2. `krizisis arsi~ da 3. alternativa/`gamosavali~ Cveulebriv mokv- davTaTvis. pirvel qveTavSi mocemulia msjeloba da dasabuTebulia, rom msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi faqtobrivad kapitalizmis Taname- drove da globalizebadi formis - neoliberalizmis kriziss war- moadgens. meore qveTavSi saubaria Tavad neoliberalizmis krizisis arsze, xolo mesame qveTavSi SemoTavazebulia garkveuli alterna- tiva krizisSi myofi sistemis sanacvlod - rigiTi moqalaqeebisa- Tvis. meoTxe Tavi `neoliberalizmi saqarTveloSi~ moicavs oTx qveTavs: 1. ``neoliberalizmis~ qarTuli samecniero ganmarteba~, 2. `libe- ralizmisa da neoliberalizmis qarTveli mimdevrebi~, 3. `liberali- zmisa da neoliberalizmis qarTveli kritikosebi~ da 4. `(neolibe- raluri) reformebi saqarTveloSi~. pirvel qveTavSi mocemulia cneba `neoliberalizmis~ ganmarteba qarTul samecniero literaturaSi, rac marTalia, Zalze mwiria am TemasTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca Zalze mniSvnelovania. meore qveTavSi ganxilulia liberalizmisa da neoliberalizmis qarTvel mimde- varTa Sexedulebebi, maSin, roca mesame qveTavi warmoadgens am siste- maTa adgilobrivi kritikosebis naazrevis analizs. meoTxe qveTavSi, iseve, rogorc mTlianad naSromSi saerTod neoliberalizmTan da- kavSirebiT, - pirveladaa gaazrebuli saqarTveloSi ukanasknel aT- wleulSi mimdinare reformebis neoliberaluri xasiaTi, Teoriuli baza da pragmatuli politikuri diskursi. 10