J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 66(2), 1999 pp. 115-122 Nematode Parasites of Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens, from the Laurentian Great Lakes PATRICK M. MUZZALL Department of Zoology, Natural Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), from 4 localities in the Laurentian (North American) Great Lakes were examined for nematodes: from eastern Lake Michigan in 1990; from southern Lake Michigan in 1991; from The Black Hole, Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron in 1991; and from Oak Point, Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron in 1996. Dichelyne cotylophora (Ward and Magath) infected perch from each location and had the highest prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance at Oak Point. Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch) Jagerskiold was a common parasite of perch from Saginaw Bay, but it infrequently infected Lake Michigan perch. Philometra cylindracea (Ward and Magath) Van Cleave and Mueller was found in perch only from Saginaw Bay. Contra- caecum sp. infrequently infected perch from Lake Michigan and The Black Hole. A comparative summary of the literature on nematodes infecting yellow perch from the Great Lakes is presented, listing 27 studies published since 1917. Four nematode genera utilize perch as intermediate hosts, and 5 genera utilize them as definitive hosts. Information on the life cycles and pathology caused by nematodes infecting yellow perch is presented. KEY WORDS: Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, Percidae, Pisces, parasites, nematodes, Laurentian Great Lakes, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Saginaw Bay. Several nematodes have been reported from Huron (The Black Hole) in 1991; and Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron (Oak Point) in 1996. Ludington is ap- yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) proximately 247 km north of Michigan City. Fish were (Percidae), in the Laurentian (North American) sampled from the open water in Lake Michigan and Great Lakes. In recent years, federal and state also along the shore at Ludington. Saginaw Bay, a fisheries personnel, aquaculturists, and anglers large shallow eutrophic bay divided into inner and out- have asked me to identify nematodes infecting er areas, is the southwestern extension of Lake Huron located in east central Michigan. The inner area is shal- yellow perch from the Great Lakes and to an- lower and warmer than the outer area, and is enriched swer questions about them. Declines in the catch with domestic, agricultural, and industrial inputs from rates of perch have been reported in southern the Saginaw River. The Black Hole in the Inner Sa- Lake Michigan; Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron; and ginaw Area and Oak Point in the Outer Saginaw Area are approximately 50 km apart. western Lake Erie (Francis et al., 1996). The Perch were put on ice in the field, frozen at the present study reports on the occurrence of Di- laboratory, and measured and sexed at necropsy when chelyne cotylophora (Ward and Magath, 1917); the abdominal cavity, viscera, muscle, gastrointestinal Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch, 1819) Jager- tract, and head were examined. Dichelyne cotylophora, skiold, 1909; Philometra cylindracea (Ward and Eustrongylides tubifex, and Contracaecum sp. were preserved in 70% alcohol and later cleared in glycerin Magath, 1917) Van Cleave and Mueller, 1934; for identification. Philometra cylindracea were broken and Contracaecum sp. in yellow perch from during necropsy and pieces were placed in glycerin on Lake Michigan and Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. a glass slide, allowed to clear, and examined with a A summary of the nematodes infecting yellow light microscope; specimens were not kept. Prevalence is the percentage of fish infected in each sample, mean perch from the Great Lakes is presented, with intensity is the mean number of nematodes of a species accompanying information on their life cycles per infected fish, and mean abundance is the mean and pathology. The possible relationship be- number of worms per examined fish. Voucher speci- tween the decline of yellow perch populations mens have been deposited in the United States Na- in some areas of the Great Lakes and the occur- tional Parasite Collection (USNPC), Beltsville, Mary- land 20705: Dichelyne cotylophora (USNPC 88506) rence of parasitic nematodes is also discussed. and Eustrongylides tubifex (USNPC 88507). Materials and Methods Results A total of 364 yellow perch was collected by beach Yellow perch from 2 locations in Lake Mich- seine and trawl from southern Lake Michigan (Mich- igan City, Indiana) in 1991; eastern Lake Michigan igan and 2 locations in Saginaw Bay, Lake Hu- (Ludington, Michigan) in 1990; Saginaw Bay, Lake ron, were examined for nematodes (Table 1). 115 CCooppyyrriigghhtt ©© 22001111,, TThhee HHeellmmiinntthhoollooggiiccaall SSoocciieettyy ooff WWaasshhiinnggttoonn 116 JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, 66(2), JULY 1999 Table 1. Number, collection time, and mean total length (mm) of Perca flavescens examined from Lake Michigan and Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Mean total length ± SD (range, 95% Location Month(s), year confidence interval) Michigan City, Indiana, southern Lake Michigan (100)* August 1991 154 ± 67(50-280, 141-168) Ludington, Michigan, eastern Lake Michigan (64)* May-September 1990 136 ± 23(105-177, 131-142) The Black Hole, inner Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan September 1991 172 ± 36(110-278, 164-178) (100)* Oak Point, outer Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan (100)* August 1996 202 ± 23(170-287,197-206) * (Number of yellow perch examined.) There was a significant difference in the lengths scope. Small and large E. tubifex were found in of perch between locations (analysis of variance, perch from both Saginaw Bay locations. F = 35.9, P < 0.0001) with those from Oak Philometra cylindracea, some of which were Point being larger. Forty-eight percent (48) of larvigerous, occurred free in the body cavity of yellow perch from Michigan City in 1991, 26% perch only from Saginaw Bay, and was most (17) from Ludington in 1990, 96% (96) from common at Oak Point. Remains of crenulated The Black Hole in 1991, and 98% (98) from and hardened masses of nematodes, probably Oak Point in 1996 were infected with 1 or more dead P. cylindracea from past infections, were nematodes. found in the body cavities and viscera of yellow Gravid Dichelyne cotylophora infected the in- perch from The Black Hole and Oak Point. All testines of yellow perch from each location (Ta- perch from Saginaw Bay in 1991 and 69% of ble 2). It was significantly more prevalent in them in 1996 that were infected with P. cylin- perch from Michigan City than from Ludington, dracea were concurrently infected with E. tubi- Michigan (chi-square, x2 = 26.6, P < 0.005); fex. Ninety-six percent of Oak Point perch har- intensities were not significantly different, but bored at least 1 E. tubifex or P. cylindracea or abundances were (Mann-Whitney test, U = remains of dead P. cylindracea. 9,187, P < 0.0001). In Saginaw Bay, prevalence There were no significant differences in the (chi-square, x2 = 128.6, P < 0.005) and abun- prevalence (chi-square analysis, P > 0.05) and dance (Mann-Whitney test, U = 6,064, P < intensity or abundance (Mann-Whitney test, P 0.0001) of D. cotylophora were significantly > 0.05) of D. cotylophora, E. tubifex, P. cylin- higher in perch from Oak Point than from The dracea, and Contracaecum sp. between female Black Hole. Contracaecum sp. infrequently oc- and male perch at any location. There were no curred encysted on the surface of the heart, in significant correlations between the intensities of the liver, and associated with the mesentery of each nematode species and host length. perch from Lake Michigan and The Black Hole. Eustrongylides tubifex was most common in Discussion perch from Saginaw Bay. The intensity (Mann- At least 27 studies mentioning the nematode Whitney test, U = 9,773, P < 0.0001) and abun- parasites of yellow perch from the Great Lakes dance (Mann-Whitney test, U = 12,798, P < have been published since 1917. The number of 0.0001) of E. tubifex were significantly higher studies (in parentheses) performed in each Great in perch from The Black Hole than from Oak Lake and associated connecting waters are: Lake Point. Larvae occurred in capsules associated Michigan (5), Lake Superior (1), St. Marys Riv- with the mesentery on the surface of the ovaries, er (1), Lake Huron (7), Lake St. Clair (1), Lake testes, liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract and Erie (12), and Lake Ontario (3) (Table 3). Many free in the body cavity, viscera, and muscle. Of of these investigations did not report the number, the 303 E. tubifex found in perch from Oak Point length, and age of perch. Rosinski et al. (1997) in 1996, 92% of the worms or capsules with reported that the nematode fauna of yellow worms were seen with the unaided eye, whereas perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, and Lake 8% were detected only with a dissecting micro- Huron proper are similar. CCooppyyrriigghhtt ©© 22001111,, TThhee HHeellmmiinntthhoollooggiiccaall SSoocciieettyy ooff WWaasshhiinnggttoonn MUZZALL—NEMATODES OF YELLOW PERCH 17 S3 Q S •* oo A total of 15 nematode taxa has been reported CO •*' (^ d from yellow perch in the Great Lakes (Table 3). E +1 +1 +1 +1 C4o5^U1M5 ,oc•0O,^— .s -^^,Q_aX^ —§ , *(^(r^.NNott. —^Crr^<*"-, N(d-£NO* 'H1 bOtC(uBrlfbae liotcfahechvxehye,s ,u e ar,1 unE7Amdu7g 9s aMt)rm (oRWuoneangalileylreldmliri e,da te a 1asns9 npd3d. ,4s p,HCM .,Reo annagrtpHaryhta,yh icsd1,at a9ees1r1cco59uat,1mh r7ayi s)nls adpca .ViR,c uauEamns-. 0C3O" C+O1 + 1 +1 +1 a phidascaris sp. are represented by larval or im- AS O O O O mature stages. Of the 10 nematodes identified to M S in ^t _; 0^«3 species, 6 mature in the intestine of perch. Prev- alence data from the literature indicate that D. cUS D- -•oH*o- ^r- NO '5CCSb cotylophora is the most common nematode in- « fecting perch from Lake Michigan, R. acus is *aa Q (N n V tr> CO 0) CO d d r- d II most common in Lake Superior perch, and D. 1cd •+31- >+n1 o+1 —+1 O0H cotylophora and E. tubifex are most common in fe 1 Od Od v0O6 — d n perch from Lakes Huron and Erie. The nema- e CO ^ ur todes of perch from Lake Ontario have preva- 'o Xa <N (N "Xo lences of 8% or less. The report of Bangham and I§ 03 Q d r-^ Hunter (1939) of Agamonema sp. from perch in I4U> 0030" CS+O1 — —o+ 1 cO+1N — 5xHu Lana kiem mEraietu rreef neersm taot oadne u(nJ.i dCernittiefsie, dp elrasr.v caol mfomrm.),, T13 >> and will not be considered further. C 0. Tf Tj- >OON O— In the present study, Contracaecum sp. is re- 1 Se B ported for the first time from perch in Lakes QCO NdO NrOi 'CoCOSo Michigan and Huron; all other nematodes found E +1 + 1 +1 have been reported infecting perch from these •a < i—n oro- X lakes. Four nematode taxa were found in perch 3 2 d d 03 - •f1f— ^_^ PQ in the present study compared to the 15 nema- ^n SJ- Xd C^M r0-0 CB0O tsoedvee ratal xpao srseipboler terde asionn sth efo rl ittehriast, uirnec. luTdhienrge 1a)r eI S Q 00 0) CO +1 +1 •a only examined perch from 2 Lake Michigan lo- A +1 S o(N J cations and Saginaw Bay, 2) more parasitologi- 3S § (N •* _cM cal studies have been done on perch in Lakes E Cu OO ON o Erie and Huron, and 3) it is difficult to determine 3 S if fish were collected from different habitats. It •g Q CN OO r 30) is pointless to discuss whether some nematodes 03 CO d m — +1 +1 +1 +1 of yellow perch have disappeared in the Great HH* -1- 2^* cOdo i—InN cC *di j- Lakes, because so few studies have been done 2 ^ j in the past to which I can compare this study. ^•4J OB Ux•:•:-•^ 1>< ON* u froDmi cahlel ltyhnee Gcreoatyt lLopakheosr aa nidn fies cctos mymelolonwly fpoeurnchd 11 Q c Ic.S « §_J C+O1 O+ 1 •C0gd0 -'B a• ionb stherev aendt earti othr ei nstietsetsi noef. aVdiuslitb laet tlaecshiomnesn wt. eIr eh anvoet § is 1 x 1 £ - **' - c- Dx ^n found worms up to 8 mm in length. Based on gfe^, £" 0. m r- rn .*« -g ^ experimental evidence, Baker (1984b) suggested •S i e that prey fish (cyprinid minnows) are interme- ruti CC3 > § r-J diate hosts for D. cotylophora. This parasite is Ics tcfl d||| QyJ —O ] TtDu not host-specific to perch, since it has been re- u C£L, "a§ |« | |-5 "^ uII "os JS pgoanrt,e dS tf.r oMm asryevs erRali vfeirs,h Lspaekcei esH uinr oLna, kLe aMkei chSit-. e U .li a ~ s Clair, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario (Ward and Na.C su§0 g "f ' If Si! Magath, 1917; Pearse, 1924; Bangham, 1933, Hcc 1f2i (5J Q•-« t3» a'1^, •v- ^^ .{.}. 1955; Bangham and Hunter, 1939; Muzzall, CCooppyyrriigghhtt ©© 22001111,, TThhee HHeellmmiinntthhoollooggiiccaall SSoocciieettyy ooff WWaasshhiinnggttoonn 118 JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, 66(2), JULY 1999 Table 3. Reported nematodes of Perca flavescens from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Species Lake* Prevalencet Locality Reference Agamonema sp.± E 2(2/128) OH Bangham and Hunter, 1939 Contracaecum sp.i M 3 (3/100) IN Michigan City, this study 8 (5/640) MI Ludington, this study H 4 (4/100) MI The Black Hole, this study Camallanus oxycephalus H — § MI Rosinski et al., 1997 E 2(1/45) OH, ONT Bangham and Hunter, 1939 5 (5/93) OH Bangham, 1972 — S OH Stromberg and Crites, 1972 6 (45/735) OH Cooper et al., 1977 7 (27/408) ONT Dechtiar and Nepszy, 1988 Dichelync cotylophora M —8 WI Pearse, 1924 9(1/11) WI, IL Amin, 1977 47 (47/100) IN Michigan City, this study 19(12/64) MI Ludington, this study S 42(10/24) ONT Dechtiar and Lawrie, 1988 SMR 33 (24/73) MI Muz/.all, 1984 H — § ONT Smedley, 1934 55(110/201) ONT Bangham, 1955 2(3/134) ONT Dechtiar et al., 1988 — § MI Rosinski et al., 1997 4(4/100) MI The Black Hole, this study 68 (68/100) MI Oak Point, this study LSC — § — Ward and Magath, 1917 E — S ONT Smedley, 1934 65 (45/69) OH, ONT, Bangham and Hunter, 1939 NY, PA 10 (76/735) OH Cooper et al., 1977 — § ONT Baker, 1984a 50(6/12)|| ONT Baker, 1984b 6 (25/408) ONT Dechtiar and Nepszy, 1988 0 — § ONT Tedla and Fernando, 1 969 — S ONT Tedla and Fernando, 1 970 5 (7/150) ONT Dechtiar and Christie, 1988 Eustrongylid.es tubifex'j. M 2 (4/374) MI Allison, 1966 3 (3/100) IN Michigan City, this study H 35(293/831) MI Allison, 1966 2(3/134) ONT Dechtiar et al., 1988 80(193/240) MI Rosinski et al., 1997 95 (95/100) MI The Black Hole, this study 74 (74/100) MI Oak Point, this study E 38 (19/50) OH Measures, 1988b E 41 (304/735) OH Cooper et al., 1977 —5 OH Cooper et al., 1978 — § OH Crites, 1982 50 (204/408) ONT Dechtiar and Nepszy, 1988 0 8(5/150) ONT Dechtiar and Christie, 1988 Eustrongylides sp . ± E 8 (8/98) OH Bangham, 1972 Hysterothylacium brachyiintm^ S 33 (8/24) ONT Dechtiar and Lawrie, 1988 E 4(16/408) ONT Dechtiar and Nepszy, 1988 O 8(5/150) ONT Dechtiar and Christie, 1988 Philometra cylindracea H 1 (2/201) ONT Bangham, 1955 4(5/134) ONT Dechtiar et al., 1988 — § MI Salz, 1989 24 (57/240) MI Rosinski et al., 1997 10(10/100) MI The Black Hole, this study 16(16/100) MI Oak Point, this study CCooppyyrriigghhtt ©© 22001111,, TThhee HHeellmmiinntthhoollooggiiccaall SSoocciieettyy ooff WWaasshhiinnggttoonn MUZZALL—NEMATODES OF YELLOW PERCH 19 Table 3. Continued. Species Lake* Prevalencet Locality Reference E 1 (1/128) OH, ONT Bangham and Hunter, 1939 8 (62/735) OH Cooper et al., 1977 — § OH Crites, 1982 10(40/408) ONT Dechtiar and Nepszy, 1988 0 5(8/150) ONT Dechtiar and Christie, 1988 Raphidascaris acus$ S 63(15/24) ONT Dechtiar and Lawrie, 1988 11 2(3/134) ONT Dechtiar et al., 1988 Raphidascaris sp.t — § MI Rosinski et al., 1997 Rhabdochona canadensis E 8 (32/408) ONT Dechtiar and Nepszy, 1 988 Moravec and Aral, 1971 Rhabdochona ovtfikanenta M 1 (1/136) MI Weller, 1938 Weller, 1938 S 8 (2/24) ONT Dechtiar and Lawrie, 1988 Spinitectux carolini Roll, E 9 (6/69) OH Jilek and Crites, 1981 1928 S 8 (2/24) ONT Dechtiar and Lawrie, 1988 Spinitectus gracilis Ward 0 1 (2/150) ONT Dechtiar and Christie, 1 988 and Magath, 1917 Spinitectus sp. 5 (5/98) OH Bangham, 1972 * E, Lake Erie; M, Lake Michigan; H, Lake Huron; S, Lake Superior;SMR, St. Marys River; LSC, Lake St. Clair; O, Lake Ontario. t Percent infected (number of fish infected/number of fish examined). ± Larval stage. S Parasite present but prevalence not given. || Prevalence calculated from winter 1984 sample. 1984; Dechtiar and Christie, 1988). Cooper et Raphidascaris spp. Contracaecum spp. mature al. (1977) demonstrated that the prevalence of in piscivorous birds and mammals. D. cotylophora in perch in the western basin of The redworm nematode complex of yellow Lake Erie decreased from 1927-1929, to 1957, perch in the Great Lakes is composed of Ca- to 1974. mallanus oxycephalus, P. cylindracea, and E. tu- Rhabdochona spp. and Spinitectus spp. infre- bifex. The term "redworm" was coined by an- quently occur in yellow perch from Lakes Mich- glers asking the question, "What are these red igan, Superior, and Erie, and Lakes Superior, worms in my fish?" (J. Crites, pers. comm.). Ca- Erie, and Ontario, respectively. Both genera are mallanus oxycephalus has been reported from found in the intestine of several fish species and yellow perch in 2 of the Great Lakes. Stromberg do little or no damage to their hosts. They utilize and Crites (1974) found that during July and Au- mayfly larvae and other arthropods as interme- gust in Lake Erie, female C. oxycephalus pro- diate hosts. trude from the anus of white bass, Morone chry- Species not found as adults in the intestine of sops, and rupture, releasing infective larvae that yellow perch are: H. brachyurum, R. acus, Ra- are ingested by copepods. The life cycle is com- phidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp., P. cylindra- pleted when infected copepods or small paraten- cea, E. tubifex, and Eustrongylides sp. Larval H. ic forage fish hosts are eaten by larger fish. Coo- brachyurum have been reported in perch from 3 per et al. (1977) found that the prevalence of C. of the Great Lakes. Dechtiar and Lawrie (1988) oxycephalus in yellow perch in western Lake found H. brachyurum and R. acus larvae in the Erie increased from 1927-1929, to 1957, to liver of perch from Lake Superior and suggested 1974. that moderate to heavy liver damage occurred In the present study, P. cylindracea only oc- with iibrosis. Similarly, encysted H. brachyurum curred in yellow perch from Saginaw Bay. Co- caused liver damage to perch in Lake Ontario pepods are intermediate hosts for P. cylindracea (Dechtiar and Christie, 1988). Piscivorous fishes (see Molnar and Fernando, 1975; Crites, 1982). serve as definitive hosts for H. brachyurum and It is not known if P. cylindracea utilizes a trans- CCooppyyrriigghhtt ©© 22001111,, TThhee HHeellmmiinntthhoollooggiiccaall SSoocciieettyy ooff WWaasshhiinnggttoonn 120 JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, 66(2), JULY 1999 port host in its life cycle. Philometra cylindra- bifex in yellow perch collected in 1957 from cea has been found in perch from 3 of the Great Lake Erie. Lakes, occurring unencysted in the body cavity. Eustrongylides tubifex is pink to red in color This nematode matures in, and is host-specific and thicker than P. cylindracea. Larval E. tubi- to, yellow perch, since it has been reported from fex in fish intermediate hosts can reach 10 cm in no other fish species. Mature females are about length. Cooper et al. (1978) and Crites (1982) the same length as males (4 mm) or longer. Lar- demonstrated experimentally that E. tubifex can vigerous females, which are delicate and have a be transferred when a small infected fish is eaten thin transparent cuticle, may exceed 100 mm in by a larger one. Crites (1982) reported that E. length and are easily broken during host necrop- tubifex can live in capsules of host origin for at sy. least 1.5 yr and demonstrated that the walls of Eustrongylides tubifex had significantly high- the capsule have several different tissues and are er prevalences, mean intensities, and mean abun- furnished with capillaries. The larvae are nour- dances in yellow perch from Saginaw Bay than ished during their development and growth in in those from Lake Michigan. Karmanova these capsules. Measures (1988b) reported on (1968) and Measures (1988a, b) reported that the pathology of E. tubifex in fishes, including tubificid oligochaetes serve as intermediate hosts the yellow perch. It appears that E. tubifex in- for E. tubifex. Although Brinkhurst (1967) and fections in perch do not give rise to immunity, Schneider et al. (1969) found large numbers of since larvae of different lengths were found in tubificids in Saginaw Bay, Haas and Schaeffer the same perch in the present study. (1992) did not find tubificids in perch stomachs Crites (1982) showed that E. tubifex and P. in Saginaw Bay, and Rosinski et al. (1997) cylindracea were associated with weight loss in found them to be infrequent. The lack of tubi- yellow perch. It is not known if this weight loss ficids in stomachs is surprising, since perch from affected fecundity. In addition, P. cylindracea Saginaw Bay and other areas of Lake Huron are sometimes infected the ovaries of perch, but heavily infected. Tubificids have been found in whether this impairs reproductive capacity was the stomachs of yellow perch from Lake Erie (J. not determined. Allison (1966) and Salz (1989) Crites, pers. comm.), another lake where E. tu- suggested these E. tubifex and P. cylindracea bifex commonly occurs. The difference in infec- play a role in reduced perch growth and high tion values of E. tubifex between Saginaw Bay mortality. and Lake Michigan may be explained by the Excluding the Salmoniformes, percids are large number of tubificids in the bay and by the probably the most important group of fishes in small numbers of them in Lake Michigan. Pi- the Great Lakes. Based on a review of the lit- scivorous birds (e.g., mergansers, Mergus mer- erature and the present study, it appears that ganser Linnaeus, 1758; see Measures, 1988c) nematodes do not greatly harm yellow perch, ex- serve as definitive hosts for E. tubifex, and dif- cept for E. tubifex and P. cylindracea, which ferences in their numbers between these loca- commonly infect perch in Saginaw Bay, other tions may also play a role in this difference. areas of Lake Huron, and Lake Erie (Allison, Eustrongylides tubifex has been reported from 1966; Crites, 1982; Salz, 1989; Rosinski et al., yellow perch in 4 of the Great Lakes. It is in- 1997). These are Great Lakes areas where the frequent in Lake Michigan, and the small num- catch rates of perch have declined (Francis et al., ber of perch examined from Lake Superior may 1996), but the direct effects of E. tubifex and P. not reflect its absence. Allison (1966) reported cylindracea on reducing the numbers of perch perch from the Detroit River infected with E. in these areas are not known. tubifex. Dechtiar and Christie (1988) found E. tubifex in several fish species from Lake Ontario Acknowledgments and suggested that it caused damage to perch. I thank Dan Brazo, Indiana Department of This nematode is very common in yellow perch Natural Resources, Michigan City, Indiana; Tom from Lake Erie. Interestingly, Bangham and McComish, Ball State University, Muncie, In- Hunter (1939) did not report E. tubifex in an diana; Rob Elliott and Doug Peterson, Michigan extensive survey of parasites of Lake Erie fishes, State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and including 128 yellow perch. Bangham (1972) Bob Haas, Jack Hodge, Dave Fielder, and Larry was the first to report the occurrence of E. tu- Shubel, Michigan Department of Natural Re- CCooppyyrriigghhtt ©© 22001111,, TThhee HHeellmmiinntthhoollooggiiccaall SSoocciieettyy ooff WWaasshhiinnggttoonn MUZZALL—NEMATODES OF YELLOW PERCH 121 sources, Mt. Clemens and Alpena, Michigan, for 1971. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Tech- providing the yellow perch; Bernadette Her- nical Report 51:66-106. , J. J. Collins, and J. A. Reckahn. 1988. Sur- mann for technical assistance in 1996; and John vey of the parasite fauna of Lake Huron fishes, Crites for reviewing an early draft of the man- 1961-1971. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, uscript and sharing information on the nema- Technical Report 51:19-48. todes of yellow perch in the Great Lakes. , and A. H. Lawrie. 1988. Survey of the par- asite fauna of Lake Superior fishes, 1969-1975. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Technical Re- Literature Cited port 51:1-18. , and S. J. Nepszy. 1988. Survey of the para- Allison, L. N. 1966. The redworm (Philometra cylin- site fauna of selected fish species from Lake Erie, draced) of yellow perch (ferca flavescens) in Michigan waters of the Great Lakes. Michigan 1970-1975. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Technical Report 51:49-65. Department of Conservation Research and Devel- opment Report 53, Institute for Fisheries Report Francis, J. T., S. R. Robillard, and J. E. Marsden. 1996. Yellow perch management in Lake Michi- 1712. 8 pp. Amin, O. M. 1977. Helminth parasites of some south- gan: a multi-jurisdictional challenge. Fisheries 21: western Lake Michigan fishes. Proceedings of the 18-20. Helminthological Society of Washington 44:210— Haas, R. C., and J. S. Schaeffer. 1992. Predator-prey 217. and competitive interactions among walleye, yel- Baker, M. R. 1984a. Redescription of Dichelyne (Cu- low perch, and other forage fishes in Saginaw cullanellus) cotylophora (Ward and Magath, Bay, Lake Huron. Michigan Department of Nat- 1917) (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) parasitic in ural Resources, Fisheries Division, Research Re- freshwater fishes of eastern North America. Ca- port 1984. 135 pp. nadian Journal of Zoology 62:2053—2061. Jilek, R., and J. L. Crites. 1981. Prevalence of Spin- . 1984b. On the biology of Dichelyne (Cucul- itectus carolini Holl, 1928, and Spinitectus grac- lanellus) cotylophora (Ward and Magath, 1917) ilis Ward and Magath, 1916 (Spirurida: Nemato- (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) in perch (Perca flaves- da) in fishes from Lake Erie. Canadian Journal of cens) from Lake Erie, Ontario. Canadian Journal Zoology 59:141-142. of Zoology 62:2062-2073. Karmanova, E. M. 1968. 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