Table Of Content

Nelson Textbook of PEDIATRICS Kliegman_Title page_main.indd 1 5/5/2011 4:32:46 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Kliegman_Title page_main.indd 2 5/5/2011 4:32:46 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Nelson Textbook of PEDIATRICS 19th Edition Robert M. Kliegman, MD Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Pediatrician-in-Chief Pamela and Leslie Muma Chair in Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Executive Vice President Children’s Research Institute Milwaukee, Wisconsin Bonita F. Stanton, MD Professor and Schotanus Family Endowed Chair of Pediatrics Pediatrician-in-Chief Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Michigan Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, Michigan Joseph W. St. Geme III, MD James B. Duke Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Duke University School of Medicine Chief Medical Officer Duke Children’s Hospital and Health Center Durham, North Carolina Nina F. Schor, MD, PhD William H. Eilinger Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Professor Department of Neurology Pediatrician-in-Chief Golisano Children’s Hospital University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Richard E. Behrman, MD Nonprofit Healthcare and Educational Consultants to Medical Institutions Santa Barbara, California Kliegman_Title page_main.indd 3 5/5/2011 4:32:53 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, NINETEENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4377-0755-7 INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN: 978-0-8089-2420-3 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1987, 1983, 1979, 1975, 1969, 1964, 1959 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 228: “Malassezia” by Martin E. Weisse and Ashley Maranich is in the public domain. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson textbook of pediatrics. — 19th ed. / [edited by] Robert M. Kliegman … [et al.]. p. ; cm. Textbook of pediatrics Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Pediatrics. I. Kliegman, Robert. II. Nelson, Waldo E. (Waldo Emerson), 1898-1997. Textbook of pediatrics. III. Title: Textbook of pediatrics. [DNLM: 1. Pediatrics. WS 100] RJ45.N4 2011 618.92—dc22 2011009671 Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publishing Director: Judith Fletcher Senior Developmental Editor: Jennifer Shreiner Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Kristine Feeherty Design Direction: Lou Forgione Kliegman_Copyright page_main.indd 4 5/5/2011 4:32:21 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ This edition is dedicated to the leadership, mentorship, and editorial wisdom of Richard E. Behrman. Dick’s monumental commitment to the field of pediatrics spans more than five decades as an editor, teacher, researcher, and clinician and has contributed greatly to the growth of the profession and the improved health and well-being of children across the globe. We are privileged to work with Dick and are grateful to him for his steadfast counsel and guidance. Kliegman_Dedication_main.indd 5 5/5/2011 4:32:22 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Kliegman_Dedication_main.indd 6 5/5/2011 4:32:22 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ vii Contributors Jon S. Abramson, MD Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) Mark J. Abzug, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics- Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado Nonpolio Enteroviruses John J. Aiken, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Acute Appendicitis; Inguinal Hernias; Epigastric Hernia H. Hesham A-kader, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics; Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Neonatal Cholestasis Prof. Cezmi A. Akdis, MD Director, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease Harold Alderman, MS, PhD Development Research Group, The World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia Nutrition, Food Security, and Health Ramin Alemzadeh, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, MACC Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Diabetes Mellitus Evaline A. Alessandrini, MD, MSCE Director, Quality Scholars Program in Health Care Transformation, Divisions of Health Policy/Clinical Effectiveness and Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Outcomes and Risk Adjustment Omar Ali, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Hypofunction of the Testes; Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes; Gynecomastia; Diabetes Mellitus Namasivayam Ambalavanan, MBBS, MD Associate Professor, Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell Biology, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Nervous System Disorders; Respiratory Tract Disorders; Digestive System Disorders Karl E. Anderson, MD, FACP Professor, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas The Porphyrias Peter M. Anderson, MD, PhD Professor, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Wilms Tumor; Other Pediatric Renal Tumors Kelly K. Anthony, PhD Assistant Professor, Durham Child Development and Behavioral Health Clinic and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes Alia Y. Antoon, MD Chief of Pediatrics, Shriners Hospital for Children; Assistant Clinical Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Burn Injuries; Cold Injuries Stacy P. Ardoin, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Ohio State University and Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Vasculitis Syndromes Carola A.S. Arndt, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Soft Tissue Sarcomas; Neoplasms of Bone Stephen S. Arnon, MD Founder and Chief, Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California Botulism (Clostridium botulinum); Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Stephen C. Aronoff, MD Waldo E. Nelson Professor and Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum); Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii); Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis); Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis; Nonbacterial Food Poisoning David M. Asher, MD Chief, Laboratory of Bacterial and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Barbara L. Asselin, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Oncology, Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong Pediatrics, Rochester, New York Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Joann L. Ater, MD Professor, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Brain Tumors in Childhood; Neuroblastoma Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 7 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ viii n Contributors Dan Atkins, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Ambulatory Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado Diagnosis of Allergic Disease; Principles of Treatment of Allergic Disease; Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Erika F. Augustine, MD Senior Instructor of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Movement Disorders Marilyn Augustyn, MD Director, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Impact of Violence on Children Ellis D. Avner, MD Director, Children’s Research Institute; Associate Dean for Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Introduction to Glomerular Diseases; Glomerulonephritis Associated with Infections; Membranous Glomerulopathy; Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulonephritis Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis; Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis; Goodpasture Disease; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Upper Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria; Hematologic Diseases Causing Hematuria; Anatomic Abnormalities Associated with Hematuria; Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria; Introduction to the Child with Proteinuria; Transient Proteinuria; Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria; Fixed Proteinuria; Nephrotic Syndrome; Tubular Function; Renal Tubular Acidosis; Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus; Bartter and Gitelman Syndromes and Other Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities; Tubulointerstitial Nephritis; Toxic Nephropathy; Cortical Necrosis; Renal Failure Parvin H. Azimi, MD Director, Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital and Research Center at Oakland; Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) Carlos A. Bacino, MD Genetics Service Chief, Texas Children’s Hospital; Associate Professor of Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas Cytogenetics Robert N. Baldassano, MD Colman Family Chair in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Professor, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine; Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Christina Bales, MD Fellow, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation William F. Balistreri, MD Director Emeritus, Pediatric Liver Care Center; Medical Director Emeritus, Liver Transplantation, Dorothy M.M. Kersten Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System; Manifestations of Liver Disease; Neonatal Cholestasis; Metabolic Diseases of the Liver; Viral Hepatitis; Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders; Mitochondrial Hepatopathies Robert S. Baltimore, MD Professor of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Listeria monocytogenes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Burkholderia; Stenotrophomonas Manisha Balwani, MD, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York The Porphyrias Shahida Baqar, PhD Head, Immunology Branch, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Campylobacter Christine E. Barron, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Adolescent Rape Dorsey M. Bass, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Palo Alto, California Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses Mark L. Batshaw, MD Chief Academic Officer, Children’s National Medical Center, Chairman of Pediatrics and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia Intellectual Disability Richard E. Behrman, MD Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics and Dean, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, and George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Director, Non-Profit Health Care and Educational Consultants, Santa Barbara, California Overview of Pediatrics Michael J. Bell, MD Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Neurocritical Care; Director, Pediatric Neurotrauma Center; Associate Director, Safar Center of Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization John W. Belmont, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Genetics of Common Disorders Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 8 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Contributors n ix Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr., MD, MPH, PhD Professor of Pediatrics, Duke University; Chief, Division of Quantitative Sciences; Director, DCRI Clinical Research Fellowship Program, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina Principles of Antifungal Therapy; Candida Michael J. Bennett, PhD, FRCPath, FACB, DABCC Professor of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Evelyn Willing Bromley Endowed Chair in Clinical Laboratories & Pathology; Director, Metabolic Disease Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Defects in Metabolism of Liquids Daniel Bernstein, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiology; Director, Children’s Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford; Alfred Woodley Salter and Mabel G. Salter Professor of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California Cardiac Development; The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition; History and Physical Examination; Laboratory Evaluation; Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease; Evaluation of the Infant or Child with Congenital Heart Disease; Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Left-to- Right Shunt Lesions; Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Obstructive Lesions; Acyanotic Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Respiratory Distress; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Lesions Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow; Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations; Pulmonary Hypertension; General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease; Infective Endocarditis; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Heart Failure; Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation; Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas) Jatinder Bhatia, MD, FAAP Professor and Chief, Division of Neonatology; Vice Chair for Clinical Research, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, MD, PhD Husein Lalji Dewraj Professor & Founding Chair, Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Salmonella; Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Leslie G. Biesecker, MD Chief, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Dysmorphology James Birmingham, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Division Chief, Helen Devos Pediatric Rheumatology; Adult and Pediatric Rheumatologist, West Michigan Rheumatology, PLLC, Grand Rapids, Michigan Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides; Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis Samra S. Blanchard, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Division Head, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Ronald Blanton, MD, MSC Professor, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Adult Tapeworm Infections; Cysticercosis; Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis) Archie Bleyer, MD Clinical Research Professor, Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Principles of Treatment; The Leukemias C.D.R. Lynelle M. Boamah, MD, MEd, FAAP Staff Pediatric Gastroenterologist; Assistant Pediatric Program Director, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California Manifestations of Liver Disease Steven R. Boas, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Medical Director, Cystic Fibrosis Center of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Emphysema and Overinflation; α1- Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema; Other Distal Airway Diseases; Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function Thomas F. Boat, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Executive Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms Walter Bockting, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health; Coordinator of Transgender Health Services, Program in Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Adolescent Development Mark Boguniewicz, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy- Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado Ocular Allergies; Adverse Reactions to Drugs Daniel J. Bonthius, MD, PhD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Laurence A. Boxer, MD Henry and Mala Dorfman Family Professor of Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan Neutrophils; Eosinophils; Disorders of Phagocyte Function; Leukopenia; Leukocytosis Amanda M. Brandow, DO, MS Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children’s Research Institute of the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Polycythemia; Secondary Polycythemia; Anatomy and Function of the Spleen; Splenomegaly; Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 9 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ x n Contributors David Branski, MD Professor and Chair of Pediatrics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel Disorders of Malabsorption; Chronic Diarrhea David T. Breault, MD, PhD Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Diabetes Insipidus; Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action Rebecca H. Buckley, MD J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency; T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells; Primary Defects of Antibody Production; Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity; Primary Combined Antibody and Cellular Immunodeficiencies Cynthia Etzler Budek, MS, APN/NP, CPNP-AC/PC Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Transitional Care Unit/Pulmonary Habilitation Program, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency E. Stephen Buescher, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Gale R. Burstein, MD, MPH, FSAHM Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Adolescent Medicine, Buffalo, New York The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems; Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents; Sexually Transmitted Infections Amaya Lopez Bustinduy, MD Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma); Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal) Mitchell S. Cairo, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation; Professor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York– Presbyterian, Columbia University, New York, New York Lymphoma Bruce M. Camitta, MD Rebecca Jean Slye Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Midwest Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Polycythemia; Secondary Polycythemia; Anatomy and Function of the Spleen; Splenomegaly; Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy; Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System; Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphadenopathy Angela Jean Peck Campbell, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Parainfluenza Viruses Rebecca G. Carey, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Tufts University, Attending Maine Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Portland, Maine Metabolic Diseases of the Liver; Mitochondrial Hepatopathies Waldemar A. Carlo, MD Edwin M. Dixon Professor of Pediatrics; Director, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama Overview of Mortality and Morbidity; The Newborn Infant; High-Risk Pregnancies; The Fetus; The High-Risk Infant; Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period; Nervous System Disorders; Delivery Room Emergencies; Respiratory Tract Disorders; Digestive System Disorders; Blood Disorders; Genitourinary System; The Umbilicus; Metabolic Disturbances Robert B. Carrigan, MD The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Upper Limb Mary T. Caserta, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases; Director, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7); Human Herpesvirus 8 Ellen Gould Chadwick, MD Irene Heinz Given and John LaPorte Given Professor of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Associate Director, Section of Pediatric, Adolescent and Maternal HIV Infection, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Lisa J. Chamberlain, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California Chronic Illness in Childhood Jennifer I. Chapman, MD Attending, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, PEM Fellowship Director; Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia Principles Applicable to the Developing World Ira M. Cheifetz, MD, FCCM, FAARC Professor of Pediatrics; Chief, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine; Medical Director, Pediatric ICU; Medical Director, Pediatric Respiratory Care & ECMO Programs, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, North Carolina Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation; Shock Wassim Chemaitilly, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Physiology of Puberty; Disorders of Pubertal Development Sharon F. Chen, MD, MS Instructor, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Attending Physician, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 10 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Contributors n xi Yuan-Tsong Chen, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates Russell W. Chesney, MD Le Bonheur Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee Renal Tubular Acidosis; Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation; Primary Chondrodystrophy (Metaphyseal Dysplasia); Hypophosphatasia; Hyperphosphatasia; Osteoporosis Jennifer A. Chiriboga, PhD Pediatric and School Psychologist; Assistant Professor of School Psychology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Anxiety Disorders Robert D. Christensen, MD Director, Neonatology Research, Intermountain Healthcare; Director, Neonatology, Urban North Region, Intermountain Healthcare, McKay- Dee Hospital, Ogden, Utah Development of the Hematopoietic System Andrew Chu, MD Fellow, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie Syndrome, Cast Syndrome, Arteriomesenteric Duodenal Compression Syndrome); Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions Michael J. Chusid, MD Professor and Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Infection Prevention and Control; Other Anaerobic Infections Theodore J. Cieslak, MD Colonel, Medical Corps, USA; Department of Defense Liaison Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Biologic and Chemical Terrorism Jeff A. Clark, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Associate Director PICU, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Respiratory Distress and Failure Thomas G. Cleary, MD Professor of Epidemiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center—Houston, Houston, Texas Shigella; Escherichia coli John David Clemens, MD Director-General, International Vaccine Institute, Kwanak, Seoul, Korea International Immunization Practices Joanna S. Cohen, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations Mitchell B. Cohen, MD Professor and Vice-Chair of Pediatrics; Director, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Clostridium difficile Infection Pinchas Cohen, MD Professor and Chief, UCLA—Pediatric Endocrinology, Los Angeles, California Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth Syndromes Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina Principles of Antifungal Therapy Robert A. Colbert, MD, PhD Senior Investigator; Chief, Pediatric Translational Research Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides; Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis F. Sessions Cole, MD Park J. White, MD, Professor of Pediatrics; Assistant Vice Chancellor for Children’s Health; Director, Division of Newborn Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis; Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism Joanna C.M. Cole, PhD Clinical Psychologist, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Director of Child Psychology Training, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Suicide and Attempted Suicide John L. Colombo, MD Pediatric Pulmonology and Nebraska Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska Aspiration Syndromes; Chronic Recurrent Aspiration Amber R. Cooper, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies Ronina A. Covar, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado Childhood Asthma Barbara Cromer, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Adolescent Development; Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents; The Breast; Menstrual Problems; Contraception James E. Crowe, Jr., MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Respiratory Syncytial Virus; Human Metapneumovirus Natoshia Raishevich Cunningham, MS Doctoral Candidate, Clinical Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Cincinnati, Ohio Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Steven J. Czinn, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 11 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ xii n Contributors Toni Darville, MD Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Pediatrics and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh at UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) Robert S. Daum, MD, CM Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois Haemophilus influenzae Richard S. Davidson, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Foot and Toes; Leg-Length Discrepancy; Arthrogryposis H. Dele Davies, MD, MS, MHCM Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi); Syphilis (Treponema pallidum); Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections; Leptospira; Relapsing Fever (Borrelia) Peter S. Dayan, MD, MSc Associate Director and Fellowship Director, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York– Presbyterian, New York, New York Acute Care of the Victim of Multiple Trauma Michael R. DeBaun, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, J.C. Peterson Professor, Vice Chair for Clinical Research, Pediatrics Director, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Hemoglobinopathies Guenet H. Degaffe, MD Fellow—PGY 6, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas Aeromonas and Plesiomonas David R. DeMaso, MD Psychiatrist-in-Chief and Chairman of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital Boston; The Leon Eisenberg Chair in Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital Boston; Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Assessment and Interviewing; Psychologic Treatment of Children and Adolescents; Psychosomatic Illness; Rumination, Pica, and Elimination (Enuresis, Encopresis) Disorders; Habit and Tic Disorders; Mood Disorders; Suicide and Attempted Suicide; Disruptive Behavioral Disorders; Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Childhood Psychosis Mark R. Denison, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Coronaviruses Arlene E. Dent, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, RBC, Center for Global Health & Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides); Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura); Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis); Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis); Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti); Other Tissue Nematodes; Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans); Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) Nirupama K. DeSilva, MD Assistant Professor, Resident Program Director; Director, Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma Breast Concerns Robert J. Desnick, PhD, MD Dean for Genetics and Genomics; Professor and Chairman, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Physician-in-Chief, Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York Defects in Metabolism of Lipids; Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates; The Porphyrias Gabrielle deVeber, MD Professor of Paediatrics, University of Toronto; Senior Scientist, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; Director, Children’s Stroke Program and Staff Neurologist, Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Pediatric Stroke Syndromes Esi Morgan DeWitt, MD, MSCE Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Division of Health Policy and Clinical Effectiveness, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases; Sarcoidosis Chetan Anil Dhamne, MD Fellow, Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Neoplasms of the Kidney Prof. Anil Dhawan, MD, FRCPCH Professor of Paediatric Hepatology, Pediatric Liver, GI, and Nutrition Centre, King’s College London School of Medicine, King’s College Hospital NSH Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption Harry Dietz III, MD Victor A. McKusick Professor of Medicine and Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Genetic Medicine; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Marfan Syndrome Lydia J. Donoghue, MD CHM Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Tumors of the Digestive Tract Patricia A. Donohoue, MD Professor and Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Development and Function of the Gonads; Hypofunction of the Testes; Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes; Gynecomastia; Hypofunction of the Ovaries; Pseudoprecocity Due to Lesions of the Ovary; Disorders of Sex Development Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 12 5/5/2011 4:32:15 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Contributors n xiii Mary K. Donovan, RN, CS, PNP Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Shriners Hospital for Children, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Burn Injuries; Cold Injuries John P. Dormans, MD Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Pennsylvania, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Growth and Development; Evaluation of the Child; The Hip; The Spine; The Neck; Common Fractures Daniel A. Doyle, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Staff Endocrinologist, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism; Hypoparathyroidism; Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy); Hyperparathyroidism Jefferson Doyle, MBBChir, MHS, MA(Oxon) Post-Doctoral Fellow, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Marfan Syndrome Stephen C. Dreskin, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Denis S. Drummond, MD, FRCS(C) The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Arthrogryposis Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS Professor of Pediatrics; Director, Center for Families; Chief, Division of Child Protection, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Abused and Neglected Children J. Stephen Dumler, MD Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Spotted Fever and Transitional Group Rickettsioses; Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi); Typhus Group Rickettsioses; Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis; Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Janet Duncan, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON Nursing Director, Pediatric Palliative Care Division, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Pediatric Palliative Care Paula M. Duncan, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont Maximizing Children’s Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling LauraLe Dyner, MD Assistant Professor, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California Central Nervous System Infections; Brain Abscess Michael G. Earing, MD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Adult Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Elizabeth A. Edgerton, MD, MPH, FAAP Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured Pediatric Patient Marie Egan, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Cystic Fibrosis Jack S. Elder, MD Associate Director, Vattikuti Urology Institute; Chief of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; Clinical Professor of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys; Urinary Tract Infections; Vesicoureteral Reflux; Obstruction of the Urinary Tract; Anomalies of the Bladder; Neuropathic Bladder; Voiding Dysfunction; Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra; Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents; Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract; Urinary Lithiasis Sara B. Eleoff, MD Clinical Instructor in Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Foster and Kinship Care Dianne S. Elfenbein, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Clinical Educator, St. Louis University School of Medicine; Director of Adolescent Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, Missouri Adolescent Pregnancy Stephen C. Eppes, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College; Division Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Michele Burns Ewald, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Pediatric Emergency Medicine/Toxicology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Poisonings Jessica K. Fairley, MD Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally Susan Feigelman, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Overview and Assessment of Variability; The First Year; The Second Year; The Preschool Years; Middle Childhood Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 13 5/5/2011 4:32:15 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ xiv n Contributors Marianne E. Felice, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Physician-in-Chief, UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts Adolescent Pregnancy; Adolescent Rape Eric I. Felner, MD, MSCR Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA); Director, Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship Program, Emory University School of Medicine; Adjunct Associate Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary; Hypopituitarism Edward Fels, MD Pediatric and Adult Rheumatology, Rheumatology Associates, P.A., Portland, Maine Vasculitis Syndromes Thomas Ferkol, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome) Jonathan D. Finder, MD Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Clinical Director, Division of Pulmonology Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia; Congenital Disorders of the Lung Kristin N. Fiorino, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease David M. Fleece, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii) Patricia M. Flynn, MD Member, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee Infection Associated with Medical Devices; Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia Joel A. Forman, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine; Vice-Chair for Education and Residency Program Director, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York Chemical Pollutants Michael M. Frank, MD Samuel L. Katz Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Melvin H. Freedman, MD, FRCPC, FAAP Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Honorary Consultant, Hematology-Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Inherited Pancytopenias Melissa Frei-Jones, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Hematology-Oncology, CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Children’s Hospital, San Antonio, Texas Hemoglobinopathies Jared E. Friedman, MD New York State/American Program, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Leg-Length Discrepancy Sheila Gahagan, MD, MPH Professor and Chief, Child Development and Community Health, Martin Stein Endowed Chair, Developmental- Behavioral Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California; Research Scientist, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Overweight and Obesity Paula Gardiner, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Herbs, Complementary Therapies, and Integrative Medicine Luigi Garibaldi, MD Professor of Pediatrics; Clinical Director, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Physiology of Puberty; Disorders of Pubertal Development Gregory M. Gauthier, MD, MS Assistant Professor (CHS), Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) Abraham Gedalia, MD Professor & Chief, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana Behçet Disease; Sjögren Syndrome; Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes; Amyloidosis Matthew J. Gelmini, LRT, RRT Respiratory Care, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation in the Acutely Ill Child Michael A. Gerber...

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Nelson Textbook of PEDIATRICS Kliegman_Title page_main.indd 1 5/5/2011 4:32:46 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Kliegman_Title page_main.indd 2 5/5/2011 4:32:46 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Nelson Textbook of PEDIATRICS 19th Edition Robert M. Kliegman, MD Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Pediatrician-in-Chief Pamela and Leslie Muma Chair in Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Executive Vice President Children’s Research Institute Milwaukee, Wisconsin Bonita F. Stanton, MD Professor and Schotanus Family Endowed Chair of Pediatrics Pediatrician-in-Chief Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Michigan Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, Michigan Joseph W. St. Geme III, MD James B. Duke Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Duke University School of Medicine Chief Medical Officer Duke Children’s Hospital and Health Center Durham, North Carolina Nina F. Schor, MD, PhD William H. Eilinger Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Professor Department of Neurology Pediatrician-in-Chief Golisano Children’s Hospital University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Richard E. Behrman, MD Nonprofit Healthcare and Educational Consultants to Medical Institutions Santa Barbara, California Kliegman_Title page_main.indd 3 5/5/2011 4:32:53 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, NINETEENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4377-0755-7 INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN: 978-0-8089-2420-3 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1987, 1983, 1979, 1975, 1969, 1964, 1959 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 228: “Malassezia” by Martin E. Weisse and Ashley Maranich is in the public domain. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson textbook of pediatrics. — 19th ed. / [edited by] Robert M. Kliegman … [et al.]. p. ; cm. Textbook of pediatrics Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Pediatrics. I. Kliegman, Robert. II. Nelson, Waldo E. (Waldo Emerson), 1898-1997. Textbook of pediatrics. III. Title: Textbook of pediatrics. [DNLM: 1. Pediatrics. WS 100] RJ45.N4 2011 618.92—dc22 2011009671 Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publishing Director: Judith Fletcher Senior Developmental Editor: Jennifer Shreiner Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Kristine Feeherty Design Direction: Lou Forgione Kliegman_Copyright page_main.indd 4 5/5/2011 4:32:21 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ This edition is dedicated to the leadership, mentorship, and editorial wisdom of Richard E. Behrman. Dick’s monumental commitment to the field of pediatrics spans more than five decades as an editor, teacher, researcher, and clinician and has contributed greatly to the growth of the profession and the improved health and well-being of children across the globe. We are privileged to work with Dick and are grateful to him for his steadfast counsel and guidance. Kliegman_Dedication_main.indd 5 5/5/2011 4:32:22 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Kliegman_Dedication_main.indd 6 5/5/2011 4:32:22 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ vii Contributors Jon S. Abramson, MD Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) Mark J. Abzug, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics- Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado Nonpolio Enteroviruses John J. Aiken, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Acute Appendicitis; Inguinal Hernias; Epigastric Hernia H. Hesham A-kader, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics; Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Neonatal Cholestasis Prof. Cezmi A. Akdis, MD Director, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease Harold Alderman, MS, PhD Development Research Group, The World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia Nutrition, Food Security, and Health Ramin Alemzadeh, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, MACC Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Diabetes Mellitus Evaline A. Alessandrini, MD, MSCE Director, Quality Scholars Program in Health Care Transformation, Divisions of Health Policy/Clinical Effectiveness and Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Outcomes and Risk Adjustment Omar Ali, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Hypofunction of the Testes; Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes; Gynecomastia; Diabetes Mellitus Namasivayam Ambalavanan, MBBS, MD Associate Professor, Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Cell Biology, and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Nervous System Disorders; Respiratory Tract Disorders; Digestive System Disorders Karl E. Anderson, MD, FACP Professor, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas The Porphyrias Peter M. Anderson, MD, PhD Professor, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Wilms Tumor; Other Pediatric Renal Tumors Kelly K. Anthony, PhD Assistant Professor, Durham Child Development and Behavioral Health Clinic and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes Alia Y. Antoon, MD Chief of Pediatrics, Shriners Hospital for Children; Assistant Clinical Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Burn Injuries; Cold Injuries Stacy P. Ardoin, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Ohio State University and Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Vasculitis Syndromes Carola A.S. Arndt, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Soft Tissue Sarcomas; Neoplasms of Bone Stephen S. Arnon, MD Founder and Chief, Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California Botulism (Clostridium botulinum); Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Stephen C. Aronoff, MD Waldo E. Nelson Professor and Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum); Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii); Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis); Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis; Nonbacterial Food Poisoning David M. Asher, MD Chief, Laboratory of Bacterial and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Barbara L. Asselin, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Oncology, Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong Pediatrics, Rochester, New York Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Joann L. Ater, MD Professor, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Brain Tumors in Childhood; Neuroblastoma Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 7 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ viii n Contributors Dan Atkins, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Ambulatory Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado Diagnosis of Allergic Disease; Principles of Treatment of Allergic Disease; Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Erika F. Augustine, MD Senior Instructor of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Movement Disorders Marilyn Augustyn, MD Director, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Impact of Violence on Children Ellis D. Avner, MD Director, Children’s Research Institute; Associate Dean for Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Introduction to Glomerular Diseases; Glomerulonephritis Associated with Infections; Membranous Glomerulopathy; Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulonephritis Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis; Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis; Goodpasture Disease; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Upper Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria; Hematologic Diseases Causing Hematuria; Anatomic Abnormalities Associated with Hematuria; Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria; Introduction to the Child with Proteinuria; Transient Proteinuria; Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria; Fixed Proteinuria; Nephrotic Syndrome; Tubular Function; Renal Tubular Acidosis; Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus; Bartter and Gitelman Syndromes and Other Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities; Tubulointerstitial Nephritis; Toxic Nephropathy; Cortical Necrosis; Renal Failure Parvin H. Azimi, MD Director, Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital and Research Center at Oakland; Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) Carlos A. Bacino, MD Genetics Service Chief, Texas Children’s Hospital; Associate Professor of Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas Cytogenetics Robert N. Baldassano, MD Colman Family Chair in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Professor, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine; Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Christina Bales, MD Fellow, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation William F. Balistreri, MD Director Emeritus, Pediatric Liver Care Center; Medical Director Emeritus, Liver Transplantation, Dorothy M.M. Kersten Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System; Manifestations of Liver Disease; Neonatal Cholestasis; Metabolic Diseases of the Liver; Viral Hepatitis; Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders; Mitochondrial Hepatopathies Robert S. Baltimore, MD Professor of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Listeria monocytogenes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Burkholderia; Stenotrophomonas Manisha Balwani, MD, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York The Porphyrias Shahida Baqar, PhD Head, Immunology Branch, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Campylobacter Christine E. Barron, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Adolescent Rape Dorsey M. Bass, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Palo Alto, California Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses Mark L. Batshaw, MD Chief Academic Officer, Children’s National Medical Center, Chairman of Pediatrics and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia Intellectual Disability Richard E. Behrman, MD Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics and Dean, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, and George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Director, Non-Profit Health Care and Educational Consultants, Santa Barbara, California Overview of Pediatrics Michael J. Bell, MD Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Neurocritical Care; Director, Pediatric Neurotrauma Center; Associate Director, Safar Center of Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization John W. Belmont, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Genetics of Common Disorders Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 8 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Contributors n ix Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr., MD, MPH, PhD Professor of Pediatrics, Duke University; Chief, Division of Quantitative Sciences; Director, DCRI Clinical Research Fellowship Program, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina Principles of Antifungal Therapy; Candida Michael J. Bennett, PhD, FRCPath, FACB, DABCC Professor of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Evelyn Willing Bromley Endowed Chair in Clinical Laboratories & Pathology; Director, Metabolic Disease Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Defects in Metabolism of Liquids Daniel Bernstein, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiology; Director, Children’s Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford; Alfred Woodley Salter and Mabel G. Salter Professor of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California Cardiac Development; The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition; History and Physical Examination; Laboratory Evaluation; Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease; Evaluation of the Infant or Child with Congenital Heart Disease; Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Left-to- Right Shunt Lesions; Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Obstructive Lesions; Acyanotic Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Respiratory Distress; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Lesions Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow; Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow; Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations; Pulmonary Hypertension; General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease; Infective Endocarditis; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Heart Failure; Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation; Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas) Jatinder Bhatia, MD, FAAP Professor and Chief, Division of Neonatology; Vice Chair for Clinical Research, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, MD, PhD Husein Lalji Dewraj Professor & Founding Chair, Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Salmonella; Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Leslie G. Biesecker, MD Chief, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Dysmorphology James Birmingham, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Division Chief, Helen Devos Pediatric Rheumatology; Adult and Pediatric Rheumatologist, West Michigan Rheumatology, PLLC, Grand Rapids, Michigan Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides; Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis Samra S. Blanchard, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Division Head, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Ronald Blanton, MD, MSC Professor, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Adult Tapeworm Infections; Cysticercosis; Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis) Archie Bleyer, MD Clinical Research Professor, Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Principles of Treatment; The Leukemias C.D.R. Lynelle M. Boamah, MD, MEd, FAAP Staff Pediatric Gastroenterologist; Assistant Pediatric Program Director, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California Manifestations of Liver Disease Steven R. Boas, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Medical Director, Cystic Fibrosis Center of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Emphysema and Overinflation; α1- Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema; Other Distal Airway Diseases; Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function Thomas F. Boat, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Executive Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms Walter Bockting, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health; Coordinator of Transgender Health Services, Program in Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Adolescent Development Mark Boguniewicz, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy- Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado Ocular Allergies; Adverse Reactions to Drugs Daniel J. Bonthius, MD, PhD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Laurence A. Boxer, MD Henry and Mala Dorfman Family Professor of Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan Neutrophils; Eosinophils; Disorders of Phagocyte Function; Leukopenia; Leukocytosis Amanda M. Brandow, DO, MS Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children’s Research Institute of the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Polycythemia; Secondary Polycythemia; Anatomy and Function of the Spleen; Splenomegaly; Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 9 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ x n Contributors David Branski, MD Professor and Chair of Pediatrics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel Disorders of Malabsorption; Chronic Diarrhea David T. Breault, MD, PhD Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Diabetes Insipidus; Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action Rebecca H. Buckley, MD J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency; T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells; Primary Defects of Antibody Production; Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity; Primary Combined Antibody and Cellular Immunodeficiencies Cynthia Etzler Budek, MS, APN/NP, CPNP-AC/PC Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Transitional Care Unit/Pulmonary Habilitation Program, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency E. Stephen Buescher, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Gale R. Burstein, MD, MPH, FSAHM Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Adolescent Medicine, Buffalo, New York The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems; Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents; Sexually Transmitted Infections Amaya Lopez Bustinduy, MD Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma); Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal) Mitchell S. Cairo, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation; Professor of Pediatrics, Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York– Presbyterian, Columbia University, New York, New York Lymphoma Bruce M. Camitta, MD Rebecca Jean Slye Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Midwest Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Polycythemia; Secondary Polycythemia; Anatomy and Function of the Spleen; Splenomegaly; Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy; Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System; Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphadenopathy Angela Jean Peck Campbell, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington Parainfluenza Viruses Rebecca G. Carey, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Tufts University, Attending Maine Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Portland, Maine Metabolic Diseases of the Liver; Mitochondrial Hepatopathies Waldemar A. Carlo, MD Edwin M. Dixon Professor of Pediatrics; Director, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama Overview of Mortality and Morbidity; The Newborn Infant; High-Risk Pregnancies; The Fetus; The High-Risk Infant; Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period; Nervous System Disorders; Delivery Room Emergencies; Respiratory Tract Disorders; Digestive System Disorders; Blood Disorders; Genitourinary System; The Umbilicus; Metabolic Disturbances Robert B. Carrigan, MD The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Upper Limb Mary T. Caserta, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases; Director, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7); Human Herpesvirus 8 Ellen Gould Chadwick, MD Irene Heinz Given and John LaPorte Given Professor of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Associate Director, Section of Pediatric, Adolescent and Maternal HIV Infection, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Lisa J. Chamberlain, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California Chronic Illness in Childhood Jennifer I. Chapman, MD Attending, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, PEM Fellowship Director; Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia Principles Applicable to the Developing World Ira M. Cheifetz, MD, FCCM, FAARC Professor of Pediatrics; Chief, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine; Medical Director, Pediatric ICU; Medical Director, Pediatric Respiratory Care & ECMO Programs, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, North Carolina Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation; Shock Wassim Chemaitilly, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Physiology of Puberty; Disorders of Pubertal Development Sharon F. Chen, MD, MS Instructor, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Attending Physician, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 10 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Contributors n xi Yuan-Tsong Chen, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates Russell W. Chesney, MD Le Bonheur Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee Renal Tubular Acidosis; Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation; Primary Chondrodystrophy (Metaphyseal Dysplasia); Hypophosphatasia; Hyperphosphatasia; Osteoporosis Jennifer A. Chiriboga, PhD Pediatric and School Psychologist; Assistant Professor of School Psychology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Anxiety Disorders Robert D. Christensen, MD Director, Neonatology Research, Intermountain Healthcare; Director, Neonatology, Urban North Region, Intermountain Healthcare, McKay- Dee Hospital, Ogden, Utah Development of the Hematopoietic System Andrew Chu, MD Fellow, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie Syndrome, Cast Syndrome, Arteriomesenteric Duodenal Compression Syndrome); Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions Michael J. Chusid, MD Professor and Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Infection Prevention and Control; Other Anaerobic Infections Theodore J. Cieslak, MD Colonel, Medical Corps, USA; Department of Defense Liaison Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Biologic and Chemical Terrorism Jeff A. Clark, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Associate Director PICU, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Respiratory Distress and Failure Thomas G. Cleary, MD Professor of Epidemiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center—Houston, Houston, Texas Shigella; Escherichia coli John David Clemens, MD Director-General, International Vaccine Institute, Kwanak, Seoul, Korea International Immunization Practices Joanna S. Cohen, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations Mitchell B. Cohen, MD Professor and Vice-Chair of Pediatrics; Director, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Clostridium difficile Infection Pinchas Cohen, MD Professor and Chief, UCLA—Pediatric Endocrinology, Los Angeles, California Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth Syndromes Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina Principles of Antifungal Therapy Robert A. Colbert, MD, PhD Senior Investigator; Chief, Pediatric Translational Research Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides; Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis F. Sessions Cole, MD Park J. White, MD, Professor of Pediatrics; Assistant Vice Chancellor for Children’s Health; Director, Division of Newborn Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis; Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism Joanna C.M. Cole, PhD Clinical Psychologist, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Director of Child Psychology Training, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Suicide and Attempted Suicide John L. Colombo, MD Pediatric Pulmonology and Nebraska Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska Aspiration Syndromes; Chronic Recurrent Aspiration Amber R. Cooper, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies Ronina A. Covar, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado Childhood Asthma Barbara Cromer, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Adolescent Development; Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents; The Breast; Menstrual Problems; Contraception James E. Crowe, Jr., MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Respiratory Syncytial Virus; Human Metapneumovirus Natoshia Raishevich Cunningham, MS Doctoral Candidate, Clinical Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Cincinnati, Ohio Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Steven J. Czinn, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 11 5/5/2011 4:32:14 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ xii n Contributors Toni Darville, MD Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Pediatrics and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh at UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) Robert S. Daum, MD, CM Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois Haemophilus influenzae Richard S. Davidson, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Foot and Toes; Leg-Length Discrepancy; Arthrogryposis H. Dele Davies, MD, MS, MHCM Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi); Syphilis (Treponema pallidum); Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections; Leptospira; Relapsing Fever (Borrelia) Peter S. Dayan, MD, MSc Associate Director and Fellowship Director, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York– Presbyterian, New York, New York Acute Care of the Victim of Multiple Trauma Michael R. DeBaun, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, J.C. Peterson Professor, Vice Chair for Clinical Research, Pediatrics Director, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Hemoglobinopathies Guenet H. Degaffe, MD Fellow—PGY 6, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas Aeromonas and Plesiomonas David R. DeMaso, MD Psychiatrist-in-Chief and Chairman of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital Boston; The Leon Eisenberg Chair in Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital Boston; Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Assessment and Interviewing; Psychologic Treatment of Children and Adolescents; Psychosomatic Illness; Rumination, Pica, and Elimination (Enuresis, Encopresis) Disorders; Habit and Tic Disorders; Mood Disorders; Suicide and Attempted Suicide; Disruptive Behavioral Disorders; Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Childhood Psychosis Mark R. Denison, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Coronaviruses Arlene E. Dent, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, RBC, Center for Global Health & Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides); Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura); Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis); Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis); Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti); Other Tissue Nematodes; Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans); Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) Nirupama K. DeSilva, MD Assistant Professor, Resident Program Director; Director, Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma Breast Concerns Robert J. Desnick, PhD, MD Dean for Genetics and Genomics; Professor and Chairman, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Physician-in-Chief, Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York Defects in Metabolism of Lipids; Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates; The Porphyrias Gabrielle deVeber, MD Professor of Paediatrics, University of Toronto; Senior Scientist, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; Director, Children’s Stroke Program and Staff Neurologist, Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Pediatric Stroke Syndromes Esi Morgan DeWitt, MD, MSCE Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Division of Health Policy and Clinical Effectiveness, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases; Sarcoidosis Chetan Anil Dhamne, MD Fellow, Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Neoplasms of the Kidney Prof. Anil Dhawan, MD, FRCPCH Professor of Paediatric Hepatology, Pediatric Liver, GI, and Nutrition Centre, King’s College London School of Medicine, King’s College Hospital NSH Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption Harry Dietz III, MD Victor A. McKusick Professor of Medicine and Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Genetic Medicine; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Marfan Syndrome Lydia J. Donoghue, MD CHM Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Tumors of the Digestive Tract Patricia A. Donohoue, MD Professor and Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Development and Function of the Gonads; Hypofunction of the Testes; Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes; Gynecomastia; Hypofunction of the Ovaries; Pseudoprecocity Due to Lesions of the Ovary; Disorders of Sex Development Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 12 5/5/2011 4:32:15 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ Contributors n xiii Mary K. Donovan, RN, CS, PNP Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Shriners Hospital for Children, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Burn Injuries; Cold Injuries John P. Dormans, MD Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Pennsylvania, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Growth and Development; Evaluation of the Child; The Hip; The Spine; The Neck; Common Fractures Daniel A. Doyle, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Staff Endocrinologist, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism; Hypoparathyroidism; Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy); Hyperparathyroidism Jefferson Doyle, MBBChir, MHS, MA(Oxon) Post-Doctoral Fellow, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Marfan Syndrome Stephen C. Dreskin, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Denis S. Drummond, MD, FRCS(C) The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Arthrogryposis Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS Professor of Pediatrics; Director, Center for Families; Chief, Division of Child Protection, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Abused and Neglected Children J. Stephen Dumler, MD Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Spotted Fever and Transitional Group Rickettsioses; Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi); Typhus Group Rickettsioses; Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis; Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Janet Duncan, RN, MSN, CPNP, CPON Nursing Director, Pediatric Palliative Care Division, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Pediatric Palliative Care Paula M. Duncan, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont Maximizing Children’s Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling LauraLe Dyner, MD Assistant Professor, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California Central Nervous System Infections; Brain Abscess Michael G. Earing, MD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Adult Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Elizabeth A. Edgerton, MD, MPH, FAAP Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured Pediatric Patient Marie Egan, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Cystic Fibrosis Jack S. Elder, MD Associate Director, Vattikuti Urology Institute; Chief of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; Clinical Professor of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys; Urinary Tract Infections; Vesicoureteral Reflux; Obstruction of the Urinary Tract; Anomalies of the Bladder; Neuropathic Bladder; Voiding Dysfunction; Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra; Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents; Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract; Urinary Lithiasis Sara B. Eleoff, MD Clinical Instructor in Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Foster and Kinship Care Dianne S. Elfenbein, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Clinical Educator, St. Louis University School of Medicine; Director of Adolescent Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, Missouri Adolescent Pregnancy Stephen C. Eppes, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College; Division Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Michele Burns Ewald, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Pediatric Emergency Medicine/Toxicology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Poisonings Jessica K. Fairley, MD Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally Susan Feigelman, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Overview and Assessment of Variability; The First Year; The Second Year; The Preschool Years; Middle Childhood Kliegman_Contributors_main.indd 13 5/5/2011 4:32:15 PM Property of Elsevier Content Not Final Do Not Distribute http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Medicine/Pediatrics/book/9781437707557/Nelson-Textbook-of-Pediatrics/ xiv n Contributors Marianne E. Felice, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Physician-in-Chief, UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts Adolescent Pregnancy; Adolescent Rape Eric I. Felner, MD, MSCR Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA); Director, Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship Program, Emory University School of Medicine; Adjunct Associate Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary; Hypopituitarism Edward Fels, MD Pediatric and Adult Rheumatology, Rheumatology Associates, P.A., Portland, Maine Vasculitis Syndromes Thomas Ferkol, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome) Jonathan D. Finder, MD Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Clinical Director, Division of Pulmonology Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia; Congenital Disorders of the Lung Kristin N. Fiorino, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease David M. Fleece, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii) Patricia M. Flynn, MD Member, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee Infection Associated with Medical Devices; Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia Joel A. Forman, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine; Vice-Chair for Education and Residency Program Director, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York Chemical Pollutants Michael M. Frank, MD Samuel L. Katz Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Melvin H. Freedman, MD, FRCPC, FAAP Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Honorary Consultant, Hematology-Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Inherited Pancytopenias Melissa Frei-Jones, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Hematology-Oncology, CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Children’s Hospital, San Antonio, Texas Hemoglobinopathies Jared E. Friedman, MD New York State/American Program, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Leg-Length Discrepancy Sheila Gahagan, MD, MPH Professor and Chief, Child Development and Community Health, Martin Stein Endowed Chair, Developmental- Behavioral Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California; Research Scientist, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Overweight and Obesity Paula Gardiner, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Herbs, Complementary Therapies, and Integrative Medicine Luigi Garibaldi, MD Professor of Pediatrics; Clinical Director, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Physiology of Puberty; Disorders of Pubertal Development Gregory M. Gauthier, MD, MS Assistant Professor (CHS), Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) Abraham Gedalia, MD Professor & Chief, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana Behçet Disease; Sjögren Syndrome; Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes; Amyloidosis Matthew J. Gelmini, LRT, RRT Respiratory Care, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation in the Acutely Ill Child Michael A. Gerber...

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