NEITHER MONK NOR LAYMAN BUDDHISMS: A PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS SERIES EDITED BY STEPHEN F. TEISER A list of titles in this series appears at the back of the book N E I T H E R M O N K N O R L AY M A N CLERICAL MARRIAGE IN MODERN JAPANESE BUDDHISM Richard M. Jaffe PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jaffe, Richard M., 1954– Neither Monk nor layman : clerical marriage in modern Japanese Buddhism / Richard M. Jaffe. p. cm. — (Buddhisms) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-691-07495-X (alk. paper) 1. Priests, Buddhist—Marriage—Japan. 2. Priests, Buddhist—Japan—Family relationships. 3. Marriage— Religious Aspects—Buddhism. 4. Buddhism— Japan—History—1868–1945. I. Title. II. Series. BQ5355.M37 J35 2001 294.3'61—dc21 2001021154 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ www.pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For my parents FRANCES AND EDWARD JAFFE 爾者已非僧非俗、是故以禿字為姓 Shikareba, sudeni sô ni arazu zoku ni arazu, kono yue ni Toku no ji o motte shô to nasu. I am now neither monk nor layman, therefore I have taken the name “Stubble Haired.” Shinran, Kyôgyôshinshô Contents Figures and Table xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix Reference Abbreviations xxi Ministries and Other Government Institutions xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Pre-Meiji Precedents 9 Chapter 3 Jôdo Shin Buddhism and the Edo Period Debate over Nikujiki Saitai 36 Chapter 4 The Household Registration System and the Buddhist Clergy 58 Chapter 5 Passage of the Nikujiki Saitai Law: The Clergy and the Formation of Meiji Buddhist Policy 95 Chapter 6 Horses with Horns: The Attack on Nikujiki Saitai 114 Chapter 7 Denominational Resistance and the Modification of Government Policy 148