Negotiated Sett lements University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd ii 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd iiii 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENTS Andean Communities and Landscapes under Inka and Spanish Colonialism Steven A. Wernke University Press of Florida Gainesville | Tallahassee | Tampa | Boca Raton Pensacola | Orlando | Miami | Jacksonville | Ft. Myers | Sarasota WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd iiiiii 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM Copyright 2013 by Steven A. Wernke All rights reserved Th e publication of this book is made possible in part by a grant from Vanderbilt University. Printed in the United States of America. Th is book is printed on Glatfelter Natures Book, a paper certifi ed under the standards of the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). It is a recycled stock that contains 30 percent post-consumer waste and is acid-free. All photos were taken by the author unless otherwise noted. Frontis: Aerial view of the sett lement of Uyu Uyu (YA–050) and surrounding terracing, from the south. Plaza (center-left ) is flanked by an Inka kallanka structure (left ) and chapel (right). Source: Shippee-Johnson aerial expedition, 1931, Image #334671, American Museum of Natural History Library. Th is book may be available in an electronic edition. 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wernke, Steven A. Negotiated sett lements : Andean communities and landscapes under Inka and Spanish colonialism / Steven A. Wernke. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-4249-7 (alk. paper) 1. Indians of South America—Peru—Colca Canyon—History. 2. Indians of South America— Peru—Colca Canyon—Social conditions. 3. Colca Canyon (Peru)—History. I. Title. F3451.A5W47 2013 985'.32019—dc23 2012031681 Th e University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida Inter- national University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 htt p://www.upf.com WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd iivv 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM For Tiffi ny and Livia WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd vv 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd vvii 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM CONTENTS List of Figures viii List of Tables xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xv 1. Colonialism in the Andes: An Emplaced Perspective 1 2. Situating Community and Landscape 22 3. Th e Land and Peoples of the Colca Valley 39 4. Negotiating Community and Landscape under Autonomous and Inka Rule 70 5. Convergences in the Places of Early Evangelization 158 6. Uneasy Compromises: Colonial Political- Ecological (Dis)Articulations 214 7. Th e Ayllu Interface 251 Conclusion 294 Appendix: Principal LIP/LH Sett lements in the Yanque-Coporaque Survey Area 303 References Cited 329 Index 359 WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd vviiii 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM FIGURES 1.1. Regional map of the Colca Valley, showing provincial subdivisions and their approximate boundaries 2 1.2. Agricultural terracing surrounds the sett lement of Uyu Uyu 3 3.1. LANDSAT ETM+ image of the Colca Valley in relation to the city of Arequipa, showing intervening high puna grasslands 40 3.2. Topographic map of the Colca Valley, showing transects in lower, middle, and upper valley sections 41 3.3. Panorama of terracing near Lari 42 3.4. Map of geomorphic surfaces around Yanque and Coporaque 43 3.5. Air photo of abandoned and unabandoned terracing in the Chijra/ San Antonio/Chilacota area, Coporaque 53 3.6. Perspective view of Pampa Finaya 54 4.1. Th e Yanque-Coporaque survey area and all sites registered 75 4.2. Examples of diagnostics from the Collagua ceramic sequence 77 4.3. LIP sett lements in Yanquecollaguas, Laricollaguas, and Cabana- conde 82 4.4. LIP sites in the Yanque-Coporaque survey area 83 4.5. Detail of LIP sites in the central part of the Yanque-Coporaque survey 84 4.6. LIP sett lements in Cabanaconde 87 4.7. LIP sett lements in Laricollaguas 89 4.8. Group of pukara hilltop forts and associated sett lements to the southeast of Coporaque 95 4.9. Pukara fortifi cation of site CO-165, from the northwest 96 4.10. Th e peak of Pumachiri overlooking Coporaque 96 4.11. Cerro Pumachiri, from the northeast 97 WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd vviiiiii 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM Figures ix 4.12. Panorama of Cerro Pukara and Cerro Pumachiri 98 4.13. Late Horizon sett lements in Yanquecollaguas, Laricollaguas, and Cabanaconde 105 4.14. Late Horizon sett lements in the Yanque-Coporaque survey area 106 4.15. Late Horizon sett lements in Laricollaguas 107 4.16. Late Horizon sett lements in Cabanaconde 108 4.17. Late Horizon site-size histograms 109 4.18. Site-size histogram by house count in Yanque-Coporaque survey 109 4.19. Late Horizon occupational extent of the reducción of Yanque 111 4.20. Structure in Yanque composed of Inka-style cut-stone blocks 112 4.21. Th e Casa Choquehuanca 113 4.22. Probable LIP/LH house at the southern edge of Coporaque 114 4.23. Architectural map of Uyu Uyu 120 4.24. Oblique air photo of Uyu Uyu 121 4.25. Promontory of San Antonio 122 4.26. Air photo of Llactapampa and Tunsa, with major canals 123 4.27. Plaza area of Uyu Uyu, showing great hall to the west and chapel to the east 124 4.28. Examples of preserved doorways in domestic structures 127 4.29. Circular house with complete doorway at Malata 129 4.30. House-size histogram, all sites 131 4.31. Boxplot of house footprint area by sett lement 132 4.32. Large house at Juscallacta 133 4.33. Examples of domestic architecture and masonry types 135 4.34. Examples of domestic architecture and masonry types 136 4.35. Examples of domestic architecture and masonry types 138 4.36. Boxplot of house area, grouped by masonry type 139 4.37. Examples of chullpas at Fatinga 141 4.38. Large, three-story chullpa with two doors at Fatinga 143 4.39. Cocoon-style vegetal fi ber mummy bundle salvaged from a looted chullpa at Fatinga 144 4.40. Primary feeder canals in the Yanque-Coporaque survey area on the north side of the Colca River watershed 146 4.41. Schematic of hydrological relationships between secondary sources and primary feeder canals on the north side of the Colca River watershed 147 4.42. Primary feeder canals in the Yanque-Coporaque survey area on the south side of the Colca River watershed 149 WWeerrnnkkee ii--xxxx 11--339922..iinndddd iixx 11//2233//1133 1100::2244 AAMM