Near Field Optics NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series -A--serTes presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo I Global Environmental Change NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series E: Applied Sciences -Vol. 242 Near Field Optics edited by Dieter W. Pohl IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, ROschlikon, Switzerland and Daniel Courjon Laboratoire d'Optique P.M. Duffieux, Universite de Franche-Comte, Besan~on, France Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Near Field Optics Arc-et-Senans, France October 26-28, 1992 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-4873-6 ISBN 978-94-011-1978-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1978-8 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held within the programme of activities of the NATO Special Programme on Nanoscale Science as part of the activities of the NATO Science Committee. Other books previously published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are: NASTASI, M., PARKING, D.M. and GLEITER, H. (eds.), Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Materials Having Ultra-Fine Microstructures. (AS IE 233) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2195-2 VU THIEN BINH, GARCIA, N. and DRANSFELD, K. (eds), Nanosources and manipulation of Atoms under High Fields and Temperatures: Applications. (E235) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2266-5 LEBURTON, J.-P., PASCUAL J. and SOTOMAYOR TORRES, C. (eds.), Phonons in Semiconductor Nanostructures. (E236) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2277-0 A VOURIS P. (ed.), Atomic and Nanometer-Scale Modification of Materials: Fundamentals and Applications. (E239) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2334-3 BLOCHL, P. E., JOACHIM, C. and FISHER, A. 1. (eds.), Computations for the Nano-Scale. (E240) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2360-2 POHL, D. W. and COURJON, D. (eds.), Near Field Optics. (E242) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2394-7 SALEMINK, H. W. M. and PASHLEY, M. D. (eds.), Semiconductor Interfaces at the Sub-Nanomater Scale. (E243) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2397-1 Table of Contents Preface Xl Group Photo Xll Glossary of Acronyms xiii Introduction D.W. Pohl "Some Remarks on the History of Near-Field Optics" .............................................................. 1 Screened Tip Techniques (Aperture Microscopy) E. Betzig "Principles and Applications of Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)" ............. 7 R. Kopelman, W. Tan, Z.-Y. Shi and D. Birnbaum "Near Field Optical and Exciton Imaging, Spectroscopy and Chemical Sensors" ................. 17 M. Vaez-Iravani and R Toledo-Crow "Amplitude, Phase Contrast, and Polarization Imaging in Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy" ............................................................................................................................... 25 T. Hartmann, R Gatz, W. Wiegrllbe, A. Kramer, A. Hillebrand, K. Lieberman, W. Baumeister and R Guckenberger "A Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (SNOM) for Biological Applications" ............ 35 P.J. Moyer and M.A. Paesler "Reflection Shear Force/Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)" ....................... 45 D.W. Pohl, D. Courjon, C. Bainier, A. Dereux and H. Heinzelmann "Optical Tunneling through an Adjustable Liquid Metal Gap" ............................................... 51 Unscreened Tip Techniques F. De Fornel, E. Bourillot, P. Adam, L. Salomon, G. Chabrier and J.P. Goudonnet "Recent Experimental Results with the PSTM: Observation of a Step on a Quartz Surface. Spatial Spectroscopy of Microwaveguides" .............................................................................. 59 F. Baida, D. Courjon and G. Tribillon "Combination of a Fiber and a Silicon Nitride Tip as a Bifunctional Detector; First Results and Perspectives" ....................................................................................................................... 71 M.H.P. Moers, RG. Tack, O.F.J. Noordman, F.B. Segerink, N.F. van Hulst and B. BOlger "Combined Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope using Silicon Nitride Tips" .................................................................................................................. 79 M. Spajer and A. Jalocha "The Reflection Near Field Optical Microscope: An Allernative to STOM" ......................... 87 viii C. Bainier, S. Leblanc and D. CouIjon "Scanning Twmeling Optical Microscopy: Application to Very Low Relief Objects" .......... 97 H. Hori "Quantum Optical Picture of Photon STM and Proposal of Single Atom Manipulation" ... 105 C.L. Jahnke and M.A. Paesler "Low Temperature Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope" ............................................... 115 Optical Forces O. Marti and V.1. Balykin "Light Forces on Dielectric Particles and Atoms" ................................................................. 121 M. Ohtsu, S. Jiang, T. Pangaribuan and M. Kozuma "Nanometer Resolution Photon STM and Single Atom Manipulation" ................................ 131 L. Malmqvist and H.M. Hertz "Scanned Probe Optical Microscopy Using a Non-Intrusive Probe" .................................... 141 Theory J.P. Vigneron "Theory of Evanescent and Radiative Fields" ........................................................................ 147 D. Van Labeke and D. Barchiesi "Theoretical Problems in Scanning Near-Field Optical Micro~copy" ................................... 157 D. Barchiesi and D. van Labeke "Scanning Tunneling Optical Microscopy (STOM): Theoretical Study of Polarization Effects with Two Models of Tip" .......................... ........................ ........................ ................. 179 A. Dereux and D. Pohl "The 900 Prism as a Model SNOM Probe: Near-Field, Photon Tunneling, and Far-Field Properties" ................................................................................................................................ 189 Ch. Girard, X. Bouju and A. Dereux "Optical Near Field Detection and Local Spectroscopy of a Surface: A Self-Consistent Theoretical Study" ............ .......................... ............. ......... ............. .................... ....................... 199 F. Pincemin, A. Sentenac and J.-1. Greffet "Near Field Scattered by Subsurface Particles" ...................................................................... 209 A. Roberts "Theoretical Considerations Associated with Near-Field Scanning by Subwavelength Apertures" ................................................................................................................................. 221 O. Keller, S. Bozhevolnyi and M. Xiao "On the Resolution Limit of Near-Field Optical Microscopy" .............................................. 229 1.M. Vigoureux "Emission and Absorption of Light by Electrons or Atoms in Optical Near Fields" .......... 239 U. Schollw()ck and H. Wagner "A Perturbation-Theory Approach to Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)" 247 ix Plasmons in Near-Field Optics U. C. Fischer "The Tetrahedral Tip as a Probe for Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy" ................. 255 T.J. Silva and S. Schultz "Development of a Scanned Near-Field Optical Microscope for Magneto-Optic Kerr Imaging of Magnetic Domains with 10 om Resolution" ....................................................... 263 J.D. Pedarnig, M. Specht, W.M. Heckl and T.W. Hlinsch "Scanning Plasmon Near-Field Microscope" .......................................................................... 273 H. Bielefeldt, B. Hecht, S. Henninghaus, J. Mlynek and O. Marti "Direct Measurement of the Field Enhancement Caused by Surface Plasmons with the Scanning Tunneling Optical Microscope" .............................................................................. 281 Instrumental Techniques M.A. Paesler, E.L. Buckland, P.J. Moyer and B.I. Yakobson "Sensing Tip Morphology in Scanning Optical Microscopes" .............................................. 287 P. Tomanek "Fiber Tips for Reflection Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy" ................................. 295 H.-U. Danzebrink and U. C. Fischer "The Concept of an Optoelectronic Probe for Near-Field Microscopy" ............................... 303 Near-Field Infrared Microscopy A. Piednoir, F. Creuzet, C. Licoppe and F. De Fomel "First Specifications of a PSTM Worldng in the Infrared" ................................................... 309 F. Keilmann and R. Merz "Far-Infrared Near-Field Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Electron Systems" ................. 317 STM and Light c. Baur, B. Koslowski, R. Moller and K. Dransfeld "Tunneling with Coupling to Surface Plasmons" ................................................................... 325 J.K. Gimzewski, R. Berndt, R.R. Schlittler, A.W. McKinnon, M.E. WeIland, T.M.H. Wong, Ph. Dumas, M. Gu, S. Syrykh, F. Salvan and A. Hallimaoui "Optical Spectroscopy and Microscopy Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy" ............... 333 P. Johansson, R. Monreal and P. Apell "Calculation of Resonantly Enhanced Light Emission from a Scanning Tunneling Microscope" .............................................. ............................................................... ................. 341 I.I. Smolyaninov "Light Emission from the Tunnel Junction of the STM. Possible Role of the Tcherenkov Effect" ....................................................................................................................................... 353 S.F. Alvarado "A Technique for the Observation of Magneto-Optical Effects with Nanometer Resolution" ............................................................................................................................... 361 x Related Techniques D. Maystre "A New Kind of Surface Wave: The Localiton~' ................................................................... 367 M. Nevi~re and P. Vincent "Diffraction Gratings as Components for Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope Image Interpretation" .... ...... ........... ... .... ...... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... .... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... .... ..... ........ ... ... 377 O. Keller "Optical Near-Field Interaction: On the Local Field inside a Quantum Tip" ....................... 379 M. Hrynevych.. D.l. Butler, K.A. Nugent and A. Roberts "A Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy with Optical Distance Control" ..................... 391 A. Korpel, S. Samson and K. Feldbush "Progress in Vibrating Stylus Near Field Microscopy" . ....... .... .... ..... .... ....... ...... ............. ...... 399 A. De Marco, R. Micheletto, A. Trabucco and P. Violino "Development of a New Optical Tunneling Microscope" ..................................................... 407 Subject Index ..... .... ........... ......... .... ....... .... ............. ........... ....... ........ ..... .... ....... ........ ..... ............ 411 Author Index ..... ...... ... ...... ..... .... ...... ......... ....... .... .... ..... ...... ....... .... ....... .... ......... ...... ....... .......... 417 Preface This volume contains papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on Near Field Optics, which was the first conference devoted exclusively to this new area of optics. The ARW was held at Arc et Senans near Bes~on, France, from October 26 to 28, 1992. This location, a renovated industrial monument dating back to the time of Louis XVI, ideally accommodated the approx. 70 participants. Remote from urban areas, it is a place that fosters scientific reflection and meditation. Forty communications were presented in six sessions (including two opening lectures) and 16 posters. Among those, 47 contributions were submitted for publication in the NATO Proceedings. They were accepted after a strict but constructive peer refereeing process. The topics presented and discussed ranged from experimental near-field microscopy to theoretical modeling and also included the combination of SNOM/AFM, the near-field optical aspects of gratings, light forces and theory as well as hybrid and related techniques. To bring some order into the variety of topics presented in this volume, the papers are grouped mainly according to the experimental and theoretical techniques employed. The layout roughly follows the order of presentation at the workshop. The poster contributions were combined with those of the thematically corresponding oral presentations. A certain degree of arbitrariness was unavoidable in this process, for which the editors apologize. This international meeting was organized under the auspices and with the financial support of NATO, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), the French Program ULTIMAT ECH, the Institut des Microtechniques, the University of Besan~n, and the Minis~re de la Recherche et de l'Espace (France). The SPIE and the Soci6te Fran~aise d'Optique also acted as sponsors ..B oth organizers and participants gratefully acknowledge the generous support. We thank all the authors for their contributions, the referees for their critical reviewing work, and our local colleagues for their help before, during and after the workshop. Particular thanks go to the secretaries of the workshop, both of the University of Besan~n (France) as well as of the IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory (Switzerland). The editors thank in particular the NATO Science Committee, whose logistic and fmancial support played a stimulating role and ensured the excellent level of the meeting. They also wish to thank H. Rohrer, who opened the conference and introduced the subject in the general framework of nanoscale science and technology. Dieter Pohl Daniel CoUIjon Xl