(cid:2) United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies Documenting Life and Destruction Holocaust Sources in Context SERIES EDITOR Jürgen Matthäus .................18800$ $$FM 12-03-1514:36:09 PS PAGEi DOCUMENTING LIFE AND DESTRUCTION HOLOCAUST SOURCES IN CONTEXT Th is groundbreaking series provides a new perspective on history using fi rst- hand accounts of the lives of those who suff ered through the Holocaust, those who perpetrated it, and those who witnessed it as bystanders. Th e United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies presents a wide range of documents from diff erent archival holdings, expanding knowledge about the lives and fates of Holocaust victims and making these resources broadly available to the general public and scholarly communities for the fi rst time. Books in the Series 1. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume I, 1933–1938, Jürgen Matthäus and Mark Roseman (2010) 2. Children during the Holocaust, Patricia Heberer (2011) 3. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume II, 1938–1940, Alexandra Garbarini with Emil Kerenji, Jan Lambertz, and Avinoam Patt (2011) 4. Th e Diary of Samuel Golfard and the Holocaust in Galicia, Wendy Lower (2011) 5. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume III, 1941–1942, Jürgen Matthäus with Emil Kerenji, Jan Lambertz, and Leah Wolfson (2013) 6. Th e Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide, Zoltán Vági, László Csősz, and Gábor Kádár (2013) 7. War, Pacifi cation, and Mass Murder, 1939: Th e Einsatzgruppen in Poland, Jürgen Matthäus, Jochen Böhler, and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (2014) 8. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume IV, 1942–1943, Emil Kerenji (2014) 9. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume V, 1944–1946, Leah Wolfson (2015) 10. Th e Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust, Jürgen Matthäus and Frank Bajohr (2015) 11. Nazi Persecution and Postwar Repercussions: Th e International Tracing Service Archive and Holocaust Research, Suzanne Brown-Fleming (2016) .................18800$ $$FM 12-03-1514:36:10 PS PAGEii A project of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Sara J. Bloomfield Director Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies Paul A. Shapiro Director Jürgen Matthäus Director, Applied Research under the auspices of the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council Peter Hayes, Chair Doris L. Bergen Sara Horowitz Alvin H. Rosenfeld Richard Breitman Steven T. Katz Menachem Z. Rosensaft Christopher R. Browning William S. Levine George D. Schwab David Engel Deborah E. Lipstadt Michael A. Stein David Fishman Wendy Lower Jeff rey Veidlinger Zvi Y. Gitelman Michael R. Marrus James E. Young Paul Hanebrink John T. Pawlikowski .................18800$ $$FM 12-03-1514:36:10 PS PAGEiii Th is publication has been made possible by support from Th e William S. and Ina Levine Foundation and Th e Blum Family Foundation .................18800$ $$FM 12-03-1514:36:11 PS PAGEiv Documenting Life and Destruction Holocaust Sources in Context NAZI PERSECUTION AND POSTWAR REPERCUSSIONS The International Tracing Service Archive and Holocaust Research Suzanne Brown-Fleming Foreword by Paul A. Shapiro Advisory Committee: Christopher R. Browning David Engel Sara Horowitz Steven T. Katz Alvin H. Rosenfeld Rowman & Littlefi eld in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2016 .................18800$ $$FM 12-03-1514:36:11 PS PAGEv For USHMM: Project Manager: Mel Hecker Translator: Kathleen Luft Researchers: Holly Robertson Huff nagle, Amanda Pridmore Published by Rowman & Littlefi eld 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Eastover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Front cover: USHMMPA WS# 43574 Copyright © 2016 by Rowman & Littlefi eld British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available Brown-Fleming, Suzanne, author. Nazi persecution and postwar repercussions : the International Tracing Service archive and Holocaust research / Suzanne Brown-Fleming. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefi eld, [2016] | Series: Documenting life and destruction: Holocaust sources in context | Includes bibliographical references and index. LCCN 2015026631| ISBN 9781442251731 (cloth : alkaline paper) | ISBN 9781442251755 (e-book) LCSH: International Tracing Service. | Concentration camp inmates— Archival resources—Germany—Arolsen. | War victims—Archival resources—Conservation and restoration—Germany—Arolsen. | World War, 1939–1945—Archival resources—Conservation and restoration—Germany—Arolsen. LCC HV6762.G3 .B76 2015 | DDC 026/.9405318--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015026631 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. ™ Th e paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America .................18800$ $$FM 12-03-1514:36:12 PS PAGEvi Contents ForewordbyPaulA.Shapiro ix Acknowledgements xxiii Abbreviations xxv 1 TheInternationalTracingServiceHoldings 1 TheInternationalTracingServiceHoldings 6 SubunitsOneandTwo 8 SubunitThree 14 SubunitFour 18 SubunitFive 20 SubunitSix 23 NonscannedMaterials 27 UsingtheInternationalTracingServiceHoldings 28 ScholarlyOpportunities 31 DocumentList 35 Documents 37 2 ‘‘OurMothers,OurFathers’’:Lahnstein 53 DocumentList 76 Documents 79 3 JewishVoices 101 ‘‘ItAllDependedonHisMood’’ 105 vii .................18800$ CNTS 12-03-1514:36:17 PS PAGEvii viii Contents ‘‘FragenanalleAuschwitzer’’ 107 ‘‘InBuchenwaldISaidIAmaGree[k]andNot[a]Jew’’ 113 WeRegrettoInformYou... 119 DocumentList 126 Documents 128 4 HourZero:TheYear1945 151 HourZero 152 MurderandCollaborationatWar’sEnd 153 ‘‘ButItWasNoneofMyBusiness’’ 157 DeathbyMarch 158 Liberation 161 ‘‘DeathsWereAveraging500PerDay’’ 163 CORC/P(45)54 167 InsteadofRetribution,Justice 173 ‘‘Statistics’’ 174 DocumentList 176 Documents 178 5 ImaginingtheDisplaced 189 FreshApproachestoDPsusingMassDataSets 191 DPsBorninAsia,Africa,theMiddleEastandLatinAmerica 193 JewsandtheQuestfor‘‘DueProtection’’ 195 MuslimsasForcedLaborers 199 ‘‘InSaigonIhavemyFather’’ 203 IlDuce 205 ‘‘Kalmook—NotEligibleforAnyScheme’’ 208 CollaboratorsandPerpetratorsinITS 211 Conclusion 218 DocumentList 220 Documents 232 Appendix:TheInternationalTracingServiceHoldingsbySubunit 237 Bibliography 257 Index 271 AbouttheAuthor 279 .................18800$ CNTS 12-03-1514:36:18 PS PAGEviii Foreword by Paul A. Shapiro D URINGTHEyearsthatIworkedtoopenthearchiveoftheInternational Tracing Service (ITS)—nearly a decade that culminated in the ratification byelevencountriesofformalamendmentstotheinternationalagreementsgov- erning the ITS—it was difficult to fully comprehend the multiple levels of sig- nificance that would emerge once the tens of millions of documents locked up atITSheadquartersinBadArolsen,Germany,becamefullyaccessible.Keptout ofthereachofsurvivors,researchers,educators,andotherswithpotentialinter- est, the documents had been utilized for over 60 years almost exclusively for tracing and name search purposes and were being used as the twenty-first cen- tury began to validate slave and forced labor compensation claims that flowed infromanalreadydisappearinggenerationofsurvivors,whohadsufferedperse- cutionatthehandsofNaziGermanyandherallies.Themostcommonnotion regarding ITS was that the archive containedmillions of name cardsand name listsofvarioussortsandprovenances,andlittleelse.TheInternationalCommit- tee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which administered ITS on behalf of an eleven- country International Commission, made only minimal information available regarding the archive’s contents and fostered this limited understanding of the archive precisely in order to stifle curiosity and reduce the likelihood that pres- sure would be brought to bear to open its doors. The ICRC also restricted the information that was available to member states of the International Commis- sion, information that might have motivated Commission members to act soonerthantheydid,andevenrecruitedwell-knownspecialists,someofwhom had enjoyed privileged personal access to the archive, to reinforce the notion ix .................18800$ FRWD 12-03-1514:36:22 PS PAGEix