NATURE SYMBOLISM IN THE FICTION OF JOHN STEINBECK APPROVED: Major Professor Consulting' Professor f, J'IL Minor Professor Chairman of thp, Department of English r* ft 1MU- Heitkamp, Jan, Nature Symbolism in the Fiction of John Steinbeck. Master of Arts (English), August, 1971, 155 pp., bibliography, 52 titles. This thesis is concerned with nature as a source for much of the symbolism and imagery in the novels and short stories of John Steinbeck. The symbolism is examined from the perspec- tive of the philosophy governing Steinbeck's artistic use of nature: that life is a unity and that man is one with nature. The analysis of the symbolism is organized into four parts, each concerned with a particular motif for the nature symbols. The first part discusses Steinbeck's use of the land as a symbol representing man's unity with nature. The second deals with animals as symbols. Many of Steinbeck's characters are endowed with animalistic traits. Furthermore, he frequently uses animals as symbols of human behavior. The third part concerns the nature symbolism that embellishes themes of birth, death, and fertility. The final chapter concerns Steinbeck's use of the sea as a nature symbol. Sources for the thesis are Steinbeck's major novels and collected short stories. In most of these works, nature sym- bolism frequently plays a major artistic role and falls into one or more of the four thematic patterns. Basically, the symbols serve to interpret and comment upon the idea that all life is sacred and that man is a part of the unity of nature. NATURE SYMBOLISM IN THE FICTION OF JOHN STEINBECK THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Jan Heitkamp, B. A, Denton, Texas August, 1971 PREFACE Any discussion of literary symbolism must be guided by the limitations implied in the term "symbol." In simplest terms a literary symbol is "a trope which combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect.""^ In other words, it is an object which exists itself and at the same time suggests something else, something abstract. Thus the cross, an object perceived by the senses, is symbolic be- cause it embodies all the philosophy, tradition, and feeling behind Christianity. William York Tindall distinguishes symbol from sign by defining sign as an exact reference to something definite and symbol as an exact reference to something indefinite.^ If we accept Tindall's distinction, a simile or a metaphor, which expresses a relationship between two objects, must be called a sign. We encounter a problem with Tindall's distinction, however, when we consider the following simile from To a God Unknown: "[The madrone trees] thrust up muscular limbs as red as flayed flesh and twisted like bodies on the rack.""* This simile is an analogy between two definite things, the limbs of the trees and tortured human flesh. Yet the image cannot be ^William F. Thrall and Addison Hibbard, A Handbook to Literature (New York, 1936), p. 478. ^William York Tindall, The Literary Symbol (New York, 1955), p. 6. ^John Steinbeck, To a God Unknown (New York, 1933), p. 11. iii called merely a sign because in context it suggests something greater and more indefinite than a twisted body. Implicit in * the image is the hint of evil which pervades the entire novel. To draw a distinction between image and symbol is diffi- cult, especially in Steinbeck's works, where so many of the images carry meanings beyond themselves. In Of Mice and Men, for example, the constant comparison of Lennie to the small, furry creatures he loves to pet cannot be dismissed as only imagery or metaphor, for these animals suggest the character and fate of Lennie. For a meaningful analysis of Steinbeck's nature symbolism, then, the reader must recognize that image and metaphor may be symbolic; that is, they may imply more than the one-to-one correspondence between sign and referent. Whenever nature imagery appears in Steinbeck's fiction to suggest something larger, more abstract, than the literal, sensual aspect of the image itself, it will be viewed in this study as symbolic. Perhaps the best working definition of a symbol, at least for the purposes of this discussion of nature symbolism, is Steinbeck's own: A symbol is usually a kind of part of an equation-- it is one part or facet chosen to illuminate as well as to illustrate the whole. The symbol is never the whole.4 In Steinbeck's fiction, then, when any object, image, or act serves to "illuminate as well as to illustrate the whole," it may be considered symbolic. 4John Steinbeck, Journal of a Novel (New York, 1969), p. 27, iv TABLE OF CONTENTS * Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LAND SYMBOLISM 6 III. ANIMAL SYMBOLISM 63 IV. BIRTH AND DEATH SYMBOLISM 118 V. SEA SYMBOLISM 137 VI. CONCLUSION 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 5 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In evaluating the significance of John Steinbeck as a twentieth-century American writer, one must certainly take into account the versatility of his literary art. A prolific novelist, he experimented with a variety of themes and tech- niques. The thematic concerns of his fiction encompass a vast scope, from the carefree, idyllic life pictured in such novels as Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row, to the quasi-religious devo- tion to the land in T£ a God Unknown, to the ardent social protest of In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath. Stein- beck's artistic technique is as diverse as his subject matter. He can reproduce the vernacular of the itinerant workers and the poetry of the Bible with equal facility. In form his novels vary from the loose, episodic structure of The Pastures of Heaven to the tightly unified Of Mice and Men. Imagery and symbolism embellish the narration and exposition in his stories, making it possible to interpret them on several levels. For all of Steinbeck's diversity of form and content, however, certain metaphorical and symbolic patterns recur fre- quently enough throughout his fiction to require close scrutiny. One such motif is nature, which plays a significant technical role in most of his novels. Much critical attention has been devoted to the nature theme in the novels, but a comprehensive examination of exactly where and in what context Steinbeck uses nature as a symbol is a task which as yet has not concerned 1 critics. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the recurrence of nature symbolism in Steinbeck's fiction and to attempt to trace significant patterns in its use. Steinbeck is no stranger to the natural world from which he selects his symbols. He was born and reared in the Salinas Valley, in central California, a fertile and picturesque area which runs parallel to the Pacific Coast for about one hundred twenty miles. Bounded on the east by the Gabilan Mountains and on the west by the Santa Lucia Mountains, the valley con- sists of Salinas, Steinbeck's birthplace; the Monterey Penin- sula, the setting for Tortilla Flat, Cannery Row, and Sweet Thursday; and Pacific Grove, a middle-class, Methodist commu- nity which Steinbeck gently satirizes in several stories. His love for this rural valley is evident in his fiction. It serves as the setting for most of his works, and almost all the natu- ral features of the valley appear symbolically throughout his fiction. Most of Steinbeck's symbolic use of nature is governed by his belief in the unity of all life. In The Log from the Sea of Cortez, the journal of a semi-scientific expedition Steinbeck made with his biologist friend Ed Ricketts, he expresses the core of the philosophy that underlies his use of nature symbolism: If one observes in a relational sense, it seems that species are only commas in a sentence, that each species is at once the point and the base of a pyramid, that all life is relational to the point where an Einsteinian relativity seems to emerge. And then not only the meaning but the feeling about the species grows misty. One emerges into another, groups melt into ecological groups until the time when what we know as life meets and enters what we think of as non-life. . . . And units nestle into the whole and are inescapable from it.l To Steinbeck all individual life is part of a great whole, and each individual organism is both itself and the expression of this whole. Man is a part of this whole, and he intuitively realizes his relationship to the rest of natural life. For Steinbeck, there is a mysticism approaching a religious feel- ing in the recognition of the place of man in the unity of all life: And it is a' strange thing that most of the feeling we call religious, most of the mystical outcrying which is one of the most prized and used and desired reactions of our species, is really the understanding and the attempt to say that man is related to the whole thing, related inextricably to all reality, known and unknowable. This is a simple thing to say, but the profound feeling of it made a Jesus, a St. Augustine, a St. Francis, a Roger Bacon, a Charles Darwin, and an Einstein. Each of them in his own tempo and with his own voice discovered and reaffirmed the knowledge that all things are one thing and that one thing is all things--plankton, a shimmering phosphorescence on the sea and the spin- ning planets and an expanding universe, all bound together by the elastic string of time (LSC, p. 217). "'"John Steinbeck, The Log from the Sea of Cortez (New York, 1951), p. 216. Subsequent references to this volume will be indicated in the text as (LSC) with appropriate page number. Steinbeck's position, then, is somewhere between the naturalist and the mystic, the scientist and the pri-est. Man's relation- ship with nature is in part instinctive, and in part, reli- gious. To him, nature is at once a mother, a god, and an extension of himself. Because Steinbeck views "Being as a mystical allness," it is appropriate that one of the main sources for the symbolism and imagery that interprets human activity should be nature. Nature symbolism in the novels appears in connection with four main motifs. The most predominant is the relationship between man and the land, a relationship which has at times a mystical, intuitive quality, as does man's relationship with all of nature. Corresponding to man's kinship with the land is his unity with animal life. Besides giving many of his human characters distinctly animalistic traits, Steinbeck uses animals as symbols to comment upon human actions. He also uses nature symbolism in themes of birth and death, for both express and affirm the cycle of nature. Finally, he occasionally uses the sea as a symbol, for man is related to the sea in the same way he is related to the land. In this paper the examination of Steinbeck's use of nature as symbol will be organized into four chapters, which will discuss in detail the four thematic uses of nature symbolism. Each chapter will be concerned with explaining the particular 2 Charles Child Walcutt, American Literary Naturalism, A Divided Stream (Minneapolis, 1956), p. 264.