N A T U R E G U I D E ROCKS AND MINERALS s m i t h s o n i a n N A T U R E G U I D E ROCKS AND MINERALS Ronald Louis Bonewitz LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DORLING KINDERSLEY Senior Editor Senior Art Editor Peter Frances Spencer Holbrook US Editors Production Editor Jill Hamilton Rebekah Parsons-King Rebecca Warren Production Controller Jacket Editor Erika Pepe Manisha Majithia DK Picture Library Jacket Designer Rose Horridge Laura Brim Picture Researchers Managing Editor Jo Walton, Julia Harris-Voss Camilla Hallinan Managing Art Editor Michelle Baxter Associate Publishing Director Publisher Liz Wheeler Sarah Larter Publishing Director Art Director Jonathan Metcalf Philip Ormerod DK INDIA Managing Editor Deputy Managing Art Editor Rohan Sinha Mitun Banerjee Deputy Managing Editor Senior Designer Alka Thakur Hazarika Ivy Roy Senior Editor Designers Soma B. Chowdhury Arijit Ganguly, Mahua Mandal, Tanveer Zaidi Editors Assistant Designer Pragati Nagpal, Neha Pande, Priyaneet Singh Sanjay Chauhan DTP Designers Consultant Art Director Sourabh Challariya, Arvind Kumar, Shefali Upadhyay Arjinder Singh, Jagtar Singh, Rajesh Singh, Picture Researcher Bimlesh Tiwary, Tanveer Zaidi Sakshi Saluja Production Manager DTP Manager Pankaj Sharma Balwant Singh CONSULTANT Dr. Jeffrey E. Post, Geologist, Curator-in-Charge, National Gem and Mineral Collection, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution First American Edition, 2012 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York, 10014 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001 – 181829 – Jul/2012 Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7566-9042-7 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York, 10014 or CONTENTS Introduction Hydroxides 100 What is a Mineral? 8 Halides 106 Mineral Groups and Associations 10 Carbonates 113 Classifying Minerals 12 Borates 126 Identifying Minerals 14 Sulfates, Molybdates, Chromates 131 What are Crystals? 18 and Tungstates Crystal Habits 20 Phosphates, Vanadates, 147 Crystal Systems 22 and Arsenates Gems 24 Silicates 166 What is a Rock? 26 Organics 246 Collecting Rocks and Minerals 28 Rocks Equipment 30 Igneous Rocks 256 Organization, Storage and Cleaning 32 Metamorphic Rocks 286 Minerals Sedimentary Rocks 304 Native Elements 36 Meteorites 334 Sulfides 48 Glossary 338 Sulfosalts 65 Index 343 Oxides 74 Acknowledgments 351 HOW THE ROCK AND MINERAL PROFILES WORK profile information (including name of mineral ilustration of crystal system or rock group KEY in mineral entries) 4 Hardness 120 MINERALS | CARBONATES MINERALS | CARBONATES 121 m Specific gravity PROFILE IaLwna egtrholgl-iesefto hscrpimrteyec sgidtmra ocelursnyn sodtfma alsaz usrsrei.tset, olanr g e, PROFILE rchryosmtablohedral n Cleavage m o q4npMon oP3CVBc .elio18utl⁄2rirnen–fecei4ochcuotsid taol ,d burlilt etlaerthy vitrluesotures npq4moHex a3P3UWVg .eio1n6th⁄2rnrei–fetave4eoelc uont sr htroi gmpoebnaoarhlyedral chery-red colour op FSrtraecatukre quartz q Luster grougnodemthaistes vitreous lustre s Type VARIANTS r Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 bluoeck cyr, yasztualre STrphepoirescmV chgAbteraodRcuh oupeInAld ao rNfrao drnchTisraoy Stfdisrnotgmca qhl urPoaesrtiutze ci sr ystals. r MnCO3 t1 TOermigipnerature of formation B p Rc ocbTAoaorafln ala asynbr adapasdczuie lhturaelrledaeoeartdl tlirci ratsi naioek cz czg n arugury lryr risoitstetueta na cldl rsAymy s sTstathaiasnilnslgs,l e , AwltcCEiabamusfTtnaoeaougrosh z abrebamderpgtemAhsyoru nudZrpeds yus ezpeluciebl aesoeianawtufvgeisdeyoireiraprmrUeda e,a k rinod ti p ctnta Fdnr ioebeteoreoaradl r r sa EsrylptazanpflR, i unehores sugcsnosrowt raeatiar y.cas.srma e m rhI lp Aie molcn totl seistbT.hsxcezodec.da. . lyiu hcnu uIcpd WtptM cro iEtueo aeipcmirtahzetm rgnao ielpescnl ksegdb lp dm sri- esfiragac ynusd oeiscpbnmrovsy reg ymaolespiltnlmyovtiae at r smol ea“euatynltsib snesbisn,lzr ito o ,hre nsal uaw tounibp aisnhefnmrv steiu eviert aeiete 1as”hted o,rt. pt 5 l e fstfawArct erto h orahwze-dtCTacy-smlhudhoyza auishetudilrcgdbso tc raitve autoiec hrtipiev1r eiactlo-o vesie ob7 hdscafx nfo dothnPo, brmc h ind olaoeidrhuce - amtrpfrogercehlt san ebyeyece,sic m aso le dhn gauolxtenior szteahfei tu uitw elo.bhrglhrn irnionatoyli esae tfb er erz di et s . iRcmCnhel aceodnslrma yrsrsy bhims-coroi ceahcd dnrero ogydcsasorehantlo-aler pruolshirens o iktmtdy ecpoio nicBclehoarirulga orhlsfti ,t e oaRAmfisah(aoaAaiosnsprepnlnynfrcob s . a sd1dep5dcdmdrmuoRHno8ihr3uc rmn homgamam 0o)ioirtd,mtotzasns h0ecmhagae e dng.cenOeiaesa ntnbeodRau tnisr rlGtmg aesosn cmhr imslavar cneoeheo ieyDteacnaoce crse d sceBl a o meoat elhd so(akoalnumplsn.tarei crarmt rti.aOeabdebatih5ithncenlel e oaloai4r ogtvstce o,)rncrso aiedx,o,rsMdps y .tCaniriyorfl ni d hbhftsoesamuksoeieioect’snhoc .ua Hisw d,e h trnrmb aIdln.aoiog tas iterdn teIndser csowithrle a,npa i hRoa w k(aipwans,npoerle l osponUuec.s shir1 nsOhs cl oiSgai0aoat ci a Atsti9lsrhves,l, es),c e. g, rn mi Srihcnrtiote o eTdbaRerdiy Ihtonuadah( .usepdnc sTno Iskld .entdaws1ecse o - 1a rfhdwEt“,pocw4m io rtebrhir)oeonfhr,mroe e sokrcodb todiac es–trucolacsi ecy tdortcodyie vo thrioli e soatcirc.dg tor uaomia ivsatfrvrlre oivo,ltoae , eio b umnyd trug h”st  – w23uv PSGMtriareanujsioncsr tu sumrirzeeien noefr rfaolsrsmation x Color v caorniatanitnsi npga neaml ed example of z Precursor rock v spareiceitmiees nasnd additional chemicoalf fmorinmeurlaal rocka oprp mlicinateioranl y Fossils INTRODUCTION 8 MINERALS | WHAT IS A MINERAL? WHAT IS A MINERAL? A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a specific chemical composition and a distinctive internal crystal structure. Most minerals are formed inorganically but some, such as those found in bone, are formed organically (by living organisms). WHAT MINERALS ARE MADE OF cinotpop aerrt icfacst Most minerals are chemical compounds composed of two or more chemical elements. However, copper, sulfur, gold, silver, and a few others occur as single COPPER DUCK “native” elements. A mineral is defined by its chemical formula and by the Native elements Native copper was probably the first metal used by arrangement of atoms within its crystals. humans. This duck’s head was made in North Africa For example, iron sulfide has the about 1,900 years ago. c ahnde mS iicsa slu flofurmr).u Irlao nF esuSl2fi (dweh cearne cFrey sista ilrloizne cubic bcoralosrsy yellow in two different ways. When it crystallizes in habit the cubic system (pp.22–23), it is called Same composition but different structure Though pyrite and marcasite have the same chemical composition and are both iron sulfide, their differing crystal structures make them different minerals. rosette-shaped aggregate metallic luster PYRITE pyrite; when it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, it becomes the mineral marcasite. Minerals are classified by their chemical content: for example, those containing oxygen ions are called MARCASITE oxides and those having carbon and oxygen ions are called carbonates. Native sulfur Sulfur is mined at Kawah Ijen, Java. Volcanic gases escaping from small openings in the ground (fumaroles) carry sulfur vapors to the surface, where it is deposited as a yellow crust.