88 natural resources & open space IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn Open spaces and the benefits of natural resources are a treasured commodity within densely developed com- munities. They have value in health, recreation, ecolo- gy, and beauty. The landscape of Arlington is adorned with natural features that have defined, and continue to influence, the location and intensity of the built en- vironment. Lakes and ponds, brooks, wetlands, mead- ows and other protected spaces provide crucial public health and ecological benefits, as well as recreational opportunities. In addition, man-made outdoor struc- tures such as paths, gardens, and playing fields, also factor into the components of open space. mmaasstteerr ppllaann ggooaallss ffoorr nnaattuurraall rreessoouurrcceess && Natural and built features all need careful preservation, ooppeenn ssppaaccee maintenance, and integration with continuous devel- opment in Arlington. Actions in Arlington also affect ˚ Use sustainable planning and engineering neighboring towns, and it is important to note that lo- approaches to improve air and water quality, cal policies and practices relating to water and other reduce fl ooding, and enhance ecological natural resources have regional consequences. There must be a focus on irreplaceable land and water re- diversity by managing our natural resources. sources in decisions about where, what, and how much ˚ Mitigate and adapt to climate change. to build in Arlington. ˚ Ensure that Arlington’s neighborhoods, commercial areas, and infrastructure are EExxiissttiinngg CCoonnddiittiioonnss developed in harmony with natural resource Topography, Geology, and Soils concerns. Arlington straddles several geologic and watershed boundaries that contribute to its varied landscape. The ˚ Value, protect, and enhance the physical beauty west side of town lies within the Coastal Lowlands (also and natural resources of Arlington. known as the Eastern Plateau), a physiographic area that includes large portions of Middlesex County, with ˚ Treasure our open spaces, parks, outdoor elevations ranging from 100 feet to nearly 400 feet recreational facilities and natural areas. above mean sea level (MSL). Arlington’s highest eleva- tion, Turkey Hill (380 feet), along with Mount Gilboa and Symmes Hill, are all located in this part of town. Mill Brook flows from west to east through the valley emptying through Alewife Brook and the Mystic River below these hills. Another band of hilly terrain runs leading to Boston Harbor River Basin and into Massa- along the south and west sides of Arlington. chusetts Bay. Arlington’s section of the Boston Basin A watershed divide lies near Arlington’s southwest consists of the low-lying, relatively flat floodplain bor- corner, where a small portion of town is part of the dering the Alewife Brook between Lower Mystic Lake Charles River watershed. The majority of Arlington’s and Spy Pond.1 Here, elevations range between 10 and land is located in the Mystic River watershed, and most 40 feet above MSL. of the water that falls in town flows toward low-lying areas in the eastern and southern parts of Arlington, 1 U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Soil Survey of Middlesex County (2009), 5-6. 131 arlington master plan Table 8. 1: Soil Types Found in Arlington Soil Type Description Location in Arlington Charlton-Hollis-Urban Land Charlton Soils: well-drained, upland soils. Stony, with 60 Western areas on slopes of 3 to Complex inches or more of friable fi ne sandy loam (a silt-sand-clay 5 percent mixture). Hollis soils: shallow (less than 20 inches), excessively drained on bedrock uplands. Friable fi ne sandy loam. Newport-Urban Land Complex Newport Soils: found on 3 to 15 percent slopes, tends to West and northwest of Park be silty loam. Circle, east of Turkey Hill, and west of Winchester Country Club Merrimac-Urban Land Complex Merrimac Soils: excessively drained soils on glacial East Arlington outwash plains, sandy loams over a loose sand and gravel layer at 18 to 30 inches. Soils contain approximately 75 percent urban land/disturbed soils. Sandy Udorthents and Udorthents Udorthent Soils: excavated and/or deposited due to East Arlington by lakes, streams Wet Substratum construction operations. and wet areas Source: Arlington Open Space and Recreation Plan 2007-2012. Neither topography nor soil conditions have deterred reaches slightly into the Poets Corner and Arlmont Vil- development in Arlington over the past century. Homes lage neighborhoods. Arlington shares most of its water and businesses were built in floodplains and on steep resources with neighboring communities, and all of its slopes both ignoring and hindering natural storm water large water bodies are located on or near town bound- management. According to the Environmental Protec- aries. Together, Arlington, its neighbors, and nonprofit tion Agency (EPA), a significant portion of the town advocacy groups have collaborated to protect and im- (41.4 percent) is covered with impervious surfaces – prove the quality of their shared water resources. mainly buildings and pavement – which impede the LAKES, PONDS, AND RESERVOIRS land’s ability to absorb and disperse rainwater.2 Also Mystic Lakes. The Upper and Lower Mystic Lakes affecting Arlington’s water absorption are large areas form Arlington’s northeast boundary with Winchester of ledge and rocky soils. and Medford. Each water body qualifies as a Great Most of Arlington’s soils have been disrupted due to Pond under state law.3 The Mystic Lakes are regionally the intense development that occurred here over past significant water bodies that support a variety of fish, centuries. The U.S. Natural Resource Conservation year-round and migrating birds, and outdoor recreation Service (NRCS) classifies these kinds of soils as urban such as swimming, boating, and fishing. State-owned land. In Arlington and virtually all cities and towns in park land provides public access to the water along the Greater Boston area, urban land occurs in a soils the eastern shores of the Mystic Lakes, but access in complex, or an intricate mix of two or more soil series, Arlington is limited because most of its shoreline is i.e., urban (disturbed) land mixed with soils that still privately owned. The Town owns only three acres of retain their original characteristics. Table 8.1 describes steeply-sloped conservation land with shoreline on the specific information about Arlington’s soils. Upper Mystic Lake, known as Window on the Mystic. This area is managed by the Arlington Conservation Water Resources Commission. Approximately 226 acres, or 6.4 percent of Arlington’s total area is covered by surface water, including two Spy Pond. Spy Pond, also a Great Pond, is located lakes, two ponds, one reservoir, one river, and several near Arlington’s southeast boundary with Belmont and brooks (see Map 8.1). Most of Arlington is located in the Mystic River watershed, which covers about 76 sq. 3 “Great Pond” is a pond or lake that contained more than 10 mi. and includes portions of twenty-two communities acres in its natural state, or a water body that once measured 10 or more acres in its natural state, but which is now smaller. Ponds in the Greater Boston area, from Lexington to Wilming- or lakes classifi ed as Great Ponds trigger Chapter 91 licensing ton, Belmont to Melrose. The Charles River watershed requirements for piers, wharves, fl oats, retaining walls, revetments, pilings, bridges, and dams, and waterfront buildings constructed on 2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 1, “Imper- fi lled land or over water. See Mass. Department of Environmental vious Cover & Watershed Delineation by Subbasin or GWCA Protection (DEP), Wetlands and Waterways, Massachusetts Great Arlington, MA” (March 30, 2010). Pond List. 132 natural resources & open space forms part of the headwaters of Alewife Brook. Spy the winter months. In the mid-1990s, Arlington com- Pond supports a limited fish population and is an im- pleted an award-winning improvements project that in- portant resting and feeding area for migrating and year- volved draining, dredging, and redesigning the pond. round birds. According to the Natural Heritage and In 2007, the Town installed aerators to improve water Endangered Species Program (NHESP), Spy Pond has quality and re-graded and edged the pond to minimize ecological significance as an aquatic core habitat and erosion and run-off. Hill’s Pond is monitored, tested, a natural landscape that supports at least one species and treated for invasive plant species each year. of special conservation concern (Engelmann’s Umbrel- Arlington Reservoir. The 65-acre Arlington Reservoir la-sedge).4 In the middle of the pond is Elizabeth Is- site, including 29 acres of water, is located at Arling- land, a two-acre property owned by the Arlington Land ton’s western border with Lexington. It served as Ar- Trust and permanently protected with a conservation lington’s public water supply from the early 1870s until restriction held by the Arlington Conservation Com- the Town joined the Metropolitan Water District (now mission and Mass Audubon. the MWRA) in 1899. Only about half of the Reservoir’s Spy Pond is a popular recreational spot for fishing, surface water area lies within Arlington (the remainder boating, bird watching, and ice skating. Swimming is is in Lexington), but the entire perimeter is owned by not officially permitted and public access to the pond the Town and managed by the Arlington Department is limited to several short paths and Spy Pond Park. of Public Works (DPW) and Park and Recreation Com- The Arlington Boys and Girls Club, located on the mission (PRC). The Arlington Reservoir Committee, a northwestern shore, uses Spy Pond for summer boat- subcommittee of Vision 2020, provides advocacy for ing programs. The Arlington-Belmont Crew also uses protecting and improving Arlington Reservoir’s water the pond for its practices and meets, and the Arlington quality and surrounding landscape. Recreation Department rents canoes and kayaks for The Arlington Reservoir supports diverse wildlife habi- public use during the summer. tats and includes Arlington’s largest collection of aquat- It is a beloved community resource with well-organized ic species. It also serves as a recreational resource, advocates including the Spy Pond Committee of Vi- with a mile-long perimeter walking trail, and swimming sion 2020 and Friends of Spy Pond Park, Inc. Over at a sandy beach (Reservoir Beach) on the northeast- the past decade, the Town has made improvements to ern shore. The Town has made some improvements at the pond and shoreline access points, including major the beach recently. An earthen dam along the southern park improvements in 2005 and a joint project with edge maintains the Arlington Reservoir’s water level. the Appalachian Mountain Club Trail Team and Mass- Water can be released into the Mill Brook by way of DOT to reconstruct a multi-use path along Route 2. a sluice gate in the dam. In 1999, the state notified In addition, the Town has worked with consultants to Arlington that the dam was failing and needed to be remove invasive and nuisance plant species and replace repaired in order to protect downstream properties. them with native vegetation along the shoreline.5 Water Town officials, engineers, and members of Vision 2020 quality and environmental degradation of Spy Pond is collaborated to design a plan that would protect public an ongoing concern, and the Town has received state safety, preserve and enhance recreation facilities, and assistance with environmental remediation efforts. protect the wooded landscape around the reservoir. This award-winning rehabilitation project was complet- Hill’s Pond (Menotomy Pond). Located in Menoto- ed in 2006. A Wildlife Habitat Garden surrounding the my Rocks Park, Hill’s Pond is a 2.6-acre man-made new bridge and spillway was established in 2011 and is water body that provides habitat for common species maintained by the Vision 2020 Reservoir Committee. of fish, frogs, birds, and insects. Accessible by foot- paths from Jason Street and other adjacent roads, Hill’s RIVERS AND BROOKS Pond offers scenic vistas and recreational opportunities Mystic River. The Mystic River is a regional resource for fishing and bird watching, and ice skating during that provides recreational and scenic benefits, as well as habitat for many species of birds, fish, and other fauna. Its primary source is in Reading, where the Aberjona 4 NHESP, BioMap 2 Arlington Report (2012). River begins. The Aberjona flows into the Mystic Lakes 5 Aquatic Control Technology, Inc., to Arlington Department of which then releases into the Mystic River, which pass- Public Works, “2012 Aquatic Management Program (cid:31) Arlington, es along Arlington’s eastern border, through Medford, MA, Spy Pond, Arlington Reservoir and Hills Pond” (undated). 133 arlington master plan Somerville, Everett, Charlestown (Boston), and Chel- is channeled, with segments running through under- sea until it merges with the Chelsea River and empties ground culverts, and only limited views to the exposed into Boston Harbor. As one of five sub-watersheds of sections of the waterway. There are access points in the much larger Boston Harbor watershed, the Mystic several Town-owned parks and cultural sites including River watershed is very urban and densely populated Meadowbrook Park, Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, Cooke’s and, as such, has significant environmental challenges. Hollow Conservation Area, Wellington Park, the Old Schwamb Mill, Hurd Field, and the Arlington Reser- Historically, the Mystic River was the site of significant voir. In 2010, the Open Space Committee prepared industrial and maritime activity during the eighteenth a preliminary study for a linear park abutting the Mill and nineteenth centuries. This industrial legacy con- Brook. According to that report, the Mill Brook needs tributed to the river’s serious pollution issues. Sever- “restoration and remediation to improve biodiversity, al organizations have worked to improve water qual- water quality, drainage and flood control.”8 Portions of ity, and educate the public about the Mystic River’s the Mill Brook are subject to “chronic flooding” largely ecological and public health significance to the region. because so much of it is channelized. Formed in 1972, the nonprofit Mystic River Watershed Association (MyRWA) is dedicated to restoring and Alewife Brook. A Mystic River tributary, the complete- protecting the river, organizing stewardship programs, ly channelized Alewife Brook forms Arlington’s eastern promoting public access, monitoring water quality, and boundary with Cambridge and Somerville. It is located sponsoring clean-up activities. within the state-owned Alewife Brook Reservation, a 120-acre conservation area that is one of the region’s The EPA’s Mystic River Watershed Initiative (2009) is largest urban parks. Managed by DCR, the Alewife a partnership of federal, state, and local agencies, non- Brook Reservation includes land in Arlington, Cam- profit organizations and UMass-Boston, to improve bridge, and Somerville. Alewife Brook continues to be environmental conditions in the Mystic River and its the site of significant flooding concern for neighbor- tributaries, as well as support marine science research, hoods in East Arlington, Cambridge, and Belmont. Its protect open space, and provide public access to the urban setting and surrounding land use patterns make water.6 In addition, the Massachusetts Department of the Alewife Brook highly vulnerable to flooding, com- Conservation and Recreation (DCR) which owns the bined sewer overflows (CSOs), and high nutrient satu- land abutting the river, created the Mystic River Master ration.9 There is concern in Arlington that recent large- Plan (2009) to address various recreational improve- scale development projects completed or proposed in ments and maintenance needs along the river and the Cambridge and Belmont near Route 2, Alewife Brook Mystic River Reservation. As of June, 2014, state fund- and the Alewife MBTA station, could exacerbate the ing has been made available to finalize the designs and area’s flooding problems. permits necessary to implement the plan.7 Reed’s Brook. This small brook, including a retention Mill Brook. The Mill Brook flows from west to east pond to control flooding, flows through McClennen through the center of Arlington, roughly parallel to Park in the northwest corner of Arlington on the Lex- both Massachusetts Avenue and the Minuteman Bike- ington border. It meanders through both towns before way from the Arlington Reservoir to Arlington Center, feeding into Munroe Brook and entering the Arlington where it turns northward and flows through Mt. Pleas- Reservoir. Before 1959, Reed’s Brook was surrounded ant Cemetery and Meadowbrook Park into the Lower by agricultural land, and from 1959 to 1969 Arlington Mystic Lake. It functions as part of a larger drainage operated a landfill in this area. McClennen Park was system that collects water from as far upstream as Ar- redeveloped by the town during the early 2000s and lington’s Great Meadows in Lexington. As the water dedicated in 2006. source for several mills and mill ponds during the eigh- teenth and nineteenth century, the Mill Brook is a sig- nificant piece of Arlington’s cultural landscape, a link to its industrial past. As of 2014, much of the Mill Brook 8 Mill Brook Linear Park Study Group, “Mill Brook Linear Park Report” (2010). 6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mystic River Watershed 9 Blankenship, et al., Quality and Quantity: Stormwater Manage- Initiative (undated publication). ment in Alewife Brook (Tufts University WSSS and Mystic River 7 http://mysticriver.org/mystic-river-master-plan/ Watershed Association, 2011), 9. 134 natural resources & open space WETLANDS impact on future development not only within Arling- Wetlands perform basic functions such as flood stor- ton but on the greater flood-prone region along the age, flood damage control, pollution filtration, and Alewife Brook. Moreover, changes in flood risk assess- groundwater recharge. They are also essential habi- ments on a given property could have a significant im- tats for many birds, animals, insects, and native plants, pact on the homeowner’s cost of flood insurance. The whether common, threatened, or endangered. In Ar- Arlington-Belmont-Cambridge (ABC) Tri-Community lington, wetlands can be found in scattered sites along Group has recently been reauthorized by the state to Alewife Brook, Spy Pond, Hill’s Pond, the Arlington address flooding in the Alewife Brook watershed re- Reservoir, Meadowbrook Park, on undeveloped prop- gion and to monitor combined sewer overflows (CSOs) erties near Thorndike Field, and in several sites near along the brook. Reed’s Brook in the northwest corner of town. Most of the mapped wetlands in Arlington are shallow marshes Vegetation and shrub swamps bordering a water body, river, brook, Vegetation reveals a lot about a community’s soil con- or stream. ditions and climate, as well as its density of develop- ment. It also plays a critical role in hydrologic cycles, Wetlands are sensitive, scenic, and ecologically valu- stormwater management, heat management, and qual- able resources. The regulations that protect them com- ity of life. prise some of the strongest controls over land develop- ment in Massachusetts. Wetlands protection laws and NATIVE AND INVASIVE PLANTS regulations do not directly control land use but they do Arlington’s waterways are home to numerous species affect where construction can occur, how construction of native trees, bushes, and plants that thrive in wet activities can be carried out, and what types of miti- soils. These include Green Ash, Silver, Red, and Ash- gation may be required for construction near wetland leaf Maples, Cottonwood, and Willow trees. Cattail, resource areas. Wetland impacts are regulated by the Silky and Red Osier Dogwoods, and Buttonbush are federal Clean Water Act, the state Wetlands Protection also commonly found. Reed pads and aquatic weeds Act (WPA) and Rivers Protection Act, and the Town can be found in and around the town’s water bodies, of Arlington’s Wetlands Protection Bylaw and Reg- including Mystic Lake and Spy Pond.10 ulations. The Clean Water Act requires a permit for The Town encourages landscaping and gardening with dredging or filling of any “waters of the United States,” native plants. For example, the DPW uses native species including most wetlands. The Massachusetts WPA re- in its landscaping work, and the Conservation Com- quires Conservation Commission review and approval mission publishes a list of native plants as a guide for for work in and within 100 feet of wetlands and within property owners and developers. As part of the Arling- 200 feet of perennial rivers. Arlington’s local wetlands ton Reservoir dam reconstruction project, the Town’s bylaw imposes some additional restrictions. Vision 2020 Reservoir Committee installed a Wildlife FLOODPLAINS Habitat Garden planted with native shrubs, trees, and Several areas in Arlington experience major flooding perennials.11 The Town also used native plant species problems every few years, including the areas around in rain gardens established in 2012 and 2013 at Spy Reed’s Brook, Mill Brook, and Alewife Brook. The Fed- Pond, Hardy School, and Hurd Field. These gardens eral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) released are designed to collect, absorb, and clean stormwater new floodplain maps for Arlington in 2010 and Town runoff. Meeting adopted them in 2010 (See Map 8.1). Vir- Numerous species of non-native and invasive trees, tually all of Arlington’s easterly boundary – from the shrubs, and plants exist throughout Arlington. An inva- Mystic Lakes to the Mystic River, the Alewife Brook, sive species is defined by the National Invasive Species and Spy Pond – falls within federally designated flood- Council as “… an alien (or non-native) species whose plains. The Arlington Reservoir and portions of the Mill introduction does, or is likely to cause economic or en- Brook are also in floodplains. Since construction in a 1-percent floodplain is strictly regulated by both state and local bylaws, and can be 10 Ibid. allowed only by a permit from the Conservation Com- 11 Arlington Reservoir Committee, “Wildlife Habitat Garden,” mission, changes to floodplain boundaries may have an http://www.arlington2020.org/reservoir/Habitat_Garden.htm. 135 arlington master plan vironmental harm or harm to human health.”12 Non-na- Hickories, White Pine, Sassafras, Staghorn Sumac, tive species in Arlington include Norway and Sycamore Grey and Paper Birches, and more limited examples Maples, Tree-of-Heaven, and Mountain Ash trees, as of Sugar Maple, Black Cherry, and Linden trees. Na- well as Common and European Buckthorns, Forsyth- tive shrubs and plants found in these woodland areas ia, Winged Euonymus, some Honeysuckles, Multiflo- include Blueberry, Currant, Dangleberry, Deerberry, ra Rose, Oriental Bittersweet, Barberry, and Japanese Maple Leaf Viburnum, Whorled Loosestrife, and False Knotweed shrubs. Purple Loosestrife, Phragmites reed, Solomon’s Seal.15 Arlington as a whole is experienc- and water chestnut are also found in and near many of ing a diminishing street tree population. There are the town’s wetlands and water bodies. All of these are currently approximately 18,000 public trees bordering fairly typical of the invasives found in Massachusetts Arlington’s streets and sidewals, just 75 percent of the cities and towns. 24,000 estimated in a 1998 statistical survey. Many of those remaining are the invasive Norway Maple. Using the Town’s Water Bodies Fund, Arlington tries to control and remove invasive plants and aquatic weeds The Town’s commitment to protecting its trees is key to at its conservation lands, including the water chestnut its sustained designation as a Tree City USA communi- growing at the Arlington Reservoir.13 MyRWA has also ty.16 Cities and towns become eligible for designation if worked to remove water chestnut from the Mystic Riv- they meet four key requirements: having a tree warden, er. Water chestnut, which grows in dense floating mats, following state law for regulating the forest, celebrat- limits the amount of light that can reach below the wa- ing Arbor Day, and spending at least $2 per capita on ter’s surface. It reduces oxygen levels in the water, in- forestry preservation and maintenance. Arlington has creases the potential for fish kills, and limits recreation- instituted policies for responding to requests from resi- al activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming.14 dents to remove or add street trees. The Town does its best to address problems with dead or dying trees and Arlington has an “endangered species” – Englemann’s hazardous tree limbs on public property, but it will not Umbrella Sedge – on the shores of Spy Pond. remove healthy trees. Residents who want to remove healthy street trees have to accept financial responsi- STREET TREES AND WOODLANDS bility for public notification, a public hearing, taking One of the most important elements of Arlington’s down the tree, and planting a replacement. Although well-developed streetscape is the abundance of street the Town plants eighty to ninety trees every year, lo- trees, although there are many areas where the tree cal officials report that Arlington is losing more trees canopy is thin or nonexistent. Arlington has significant than it gains, in part due to sporadic torrential rains tree coverage helping to improve air quality, filter pol- and winter storms. Arlington Town Meeting established lutants, in aid flood control and erosion prevention. the Tree Committee to assist the Tree Division by pro- Street trees provide a buffer from car traffic, and some moting the protection, planting, and care of trees in relief from the summer sun and winter winds. Trees Arlington. Other initiatives of the Tree Committee in- and plants play a critical role in the hydrologic cy- clude increasing the number of site-appropriate public cle, stormwater management, and heat management. trees, promoting community awareness of trees and Woodlands, though limited in size, are still found in their benefits, providing a website about trees (public several locations throughout town, at Menotomy Rocks and private) and related Town services, providing infor- Park, Turkey Hill, Mount Gilboa, Arlington Reservoir, mation about tree selection, planting and care, raising portions of the Symmes property, Hill’s Hill, and the funds to support the Tree Committee’s mission, and Crusher Lot at the Ottoson School. According to the exploring the feasibility of a Town-wide tree inventory. Town’s Open Space and Recreation Plan, these wood- lands include White Ash, several species of Oaks and 12 National Invasive Species Council, http://www.invasivespecies. 15 Open Space and Recreation Plan Update 2007-2012 (2007), gov. 54-59. 13 See Aquatic Control Technology, Inc., to Arlington DPW, 2012 16 The Tree City USA® program is sponsored by The National Report. Arbor Day Foundation, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of 14 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, “Aquatic Agriculture Forest Service and the National Association of State Plants: Water Chestnut,” http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/ Foresters. It provides technical assistance and national recognition midatlantic/trna.htm. for urban and community forestry programs. 136 natural resources & open space through other means, e.g., a conservation restriction (CR).17 By contrast, public parks and recreational fa- cilities often serve other needs, e.g. team sports, play- grounds, or neighborhood gathering places.18 These are described in the Recreation section of the Public Facilities and Services chapter. TOWN CONSERVATION LAND The Arlington Conservation Commission (ACC) over- sees and manages twenty-four land parcels with a com- bined total of 33.11 acres (see Table 8.2). Except for a few relatively large conservation areas and parks, most are small, scattered-site holdings of less than one acre that Arlington acquired as tax title takings before the 1970s.19 Many are unmaintained woodlands with limit- ed access or visibility. TOWN-SUPPORTED GARDENS The Arlington Garden Club, in coordination with DPW, The ACC has adopted general use regulations for its sponsors the adoption of more than sixty traffic islands properties and tries to address issues with encroach- throughout town and posts signs indicating the name ment and landscape dumping. It relies on its partner, of the sponsor. Volunteers plant flowers and shrubs, the Conservation Land Stewards, to identify manage- and water and maintain them throughout the year. The ment needs. A significant portion of the ACC’s small Garden Club presents awards, noted on small signs, land acquisition fund was contributed to help fund the for the “best” islands each year. A Wildlife Habitat gar- Arlington Land Trust’s purchase of Elizabeth Island in den of native plants located at the Reservoir spillway is Spy Pond, establishing the conservation restriction co- maintained by Vision 2020 Reservoir Committee vol- held by ACC and Mass Audubon. Key ACC holdings unteers. The Town has also collaborated with various include: groups on building three rain gardens - at the Hardy ˚ Meadowbrook Park. This 3.3 acre parcel is adja- School, Spy Pond Park, and near Hurd Field next to the cent to Mt. Pleasant Cemetery. Primarily wetlands, Arlington Reservoir. Two volunteer-managed commu- the site encompasses land where the Mill Brook nity gardens are located on Town-owned land at Rob- enters the Lower Mystic Lake. The ACC has car- bins Farm Park and Magnolia Field. ried out several stewardship projects here: stabi- lizing the banks of the brook and improving public OOppeenn SSppaaccee access, removing invasive reeds, and planting na- TOWN-OWNED OPEN SPACE tive wetland and aquatic plants along the brook. In urban communities like Arlington, residents value ˚ Mount Gilboa Conservation Area. A 10.7-acre open space of all kinds, from pocket parks to playing conservation site in northwest Arlington, this re- fields to protected wetlands, for there is very little un- serve is a steep, tree-covered hill with one house, used land in town. Arlington has 554.6 acres of pub- large rock outcroppings, and a network of wood- licly owned open space, including conservation land, land trails. The Town rents the house to private parkland, and land in schools and recreational uses, individuals. and state-owned open land (Map 8.2). This also in- cludes the 183-acre Great Meadows which is located ˚ Window on the Mystic. Located off Mystic Street in Lexington but owned by Arlington. (Route 3) near the Winchester line, this 3-acre conservation parcel is Arlington’s only public wa- Protected open space is land set aside and restricted for conservation, protection of surface waters, ground- 17 NHESP, BioMap 2: Arlington Report (2012). water, and natural diversity, or passive recreation. Ac- 18 See Chapter 9 for discussion of Arlington’s parks, playgrounds, cording to state records, Arlington has 162 acres of and other developed recreation facilities. protected open space including town conservation land and other land with long-term or perpetual protection 19 Cori Beckwith, Conservation Administrator, Interview with Com- munity Opportunities Group, Inc., August 1, 2013. 137 arlington master plan ˚ Tur- Table 8. 2. Open Space Parcels Under the Jurisdiction of the Arlington Conservation Commission Site Name Location Acres Mt. Gilboa North of Mass. Ave. (parking at Park Place, off Crescent Hill Avenue) 10.70 Turkey Hill Above Forest and Washington Sts., northwest Arlington 10.70 Meadowbrook Park Mouth of Mill Brook; surrounded by Mt. Pleasant Cemetery 3.30 Window-on-the Mystic East of Mystic Street near Beverly Road on Upper Mystic Lake 3.00 Forest Street Opposite intersection of Forest/Dunster Lane, Winchester town line 1.00 Cooke’s Hollow Off Mystic Street, south of the Community Safety Building 0.75 Ridge Street North end of Ridge Street 0.60 Woodside Lane Across from 26, 30 and 34 Woodside Lane 0.60 Brattle Street Surrounding 54 Brattle Street 0.54 Stone Road Across from 24 Stone Road 0.19 Madison Avenue Adjacent to Mt. Gilboa lands 0.46 Philemon Street South side of 32 Philemon Street 0.13 Concord Turnpike Between Scituate and Newport Streets, Concord Turnpike and Arlmont Streets 0.13 Mohawk Road 2 parcels; intersection of Washington and Mohawk Streets 0.13 Hemlock Street Uphill from 5 Hemlock Street, near former Symmes Hospital 0.12 Short Street Between 8 Short and 11 West Streets 0.11 Inverness Road Next to 36 Inverness Street 0.10 Rublee Street Intersection of Rublee and Udine; entrance to Sutherland Woods in Lexington 0.10 Kilsythe Road Landlocked behind 44 and 48 Kilsythe Road 0.09 Water Street Area with two benches north of Bike path next to Buzzell Field 0.08 Brand Street 2 parcels, left of 72 Brand Street and right of 36 Brand Street 0.20 Spring Street Across from 120 Spring Street 0.04 53 Park Avenue, rear Access through left side of 53 Park Avenue 0.02 Central Street Adamian property, end of Central Street 0.02 TOTAL 33.11 Source: Arlington Conservation Commission, http://www.town.arlington.ma.us/Public_Documents/ArlingtonMA_ConComm/ misc/conservationlands terfront on the Mystic Lakes. It offers scenic views and is the primary public access point to the Upper key Hill Reservation. Turkey Hill Reservation is Mystic Lake. The property’s rugged landscape has a heavily wooded, 10.7-acre parcel with walking made it difficult for the ACC to manage and main- trails and the Massachusetts Water Resources Au- tain the site, resulting in limited use by visitors. thority’s (MWRA) Turkey Hill water tower. The Over the years, representatives of Arlington Boy Arlington Park and Recreation Commission has Scouts and other volunteers have installed a trail jurisdiction over the land around the water tower. and steps at the property, but there is no public During the mid-2000s, Arlington worked with the boat launch or beach at the site.20 state, the MWRA, and neighborhood residents to address security issues at the site. A stewardship ˚ Cooke’s Hollow. This small parcel is a long, nar- group organized through the ACC’s Land Stewards row, partially landscaped area located along both Program monitors and maintains the Reservation. sides of Mill Brook near Mystic Street. The park provides scenic vistas and includes park benches OTHER TOWN-OWNED OPEN SPACE and interpretive signage about its historic signif- Arlington also owns open space that is not under the icance as the site of the first mill the area in the ACC’s direct purview. Most notable is the 183-acre 1630s. The Arlington Garden Club installed gar- Great Meadows, which is Arlington’s largest open dens and public access at the site, and the Town space holding, though it is actually located entirely in renovated the park in 2008. the Town of Lexington. While generally thought of as conservation land, Great Meadows is not protected in perpetuity. The Arlington Board of Selectmen has ju- 20 Cori Beckwith, Arlington Conservation Administrator. 138 natural resources & open space risdiction over the land, most of which is a flat, marshy water tower – Turkey Hill Resevation - and the Con- plain surrounded by wooded uplands with hiking trails. servation Commission owns a couple of small adjacent The Minuteman Bikeway forms its southern border and parcels. During the mid-2000s, Arlington worked with offers the most direct access to the trails. Local of- the state, the MWRA, and neighborhood residents to ficials and citizen groups in Arlington and Lexington address security issues at the site. A stewardship group have worked to preserve the natural resources at Great organized through the ACC’s Land Stewards Program Meadows. In 1999, the ACC commissioned a Natural monitors and maintains the reservation. Resource Inventory and Stewardship Plan for this prop- In addition, the Massachusetts Department of Trans- erty.21 Thereafter, Arlington and Lexington residents portation owns a maintenance building near Route 2, formed the Friends of Arlington’s Great Meadows (Fo- as well as land along Route 2 that includes a path on AGM) to serve as stewards of the property. FoAGM has the southern edge of Spy Pond. surveyed plants and animals in the Meadow, organized regular bird watching and geology walks, and built a Privately Owned Open Space series of boardwalks to improve the visitor’s experience Elizabeth Island. The Arlington Land Trust (ALT) ac- and protect natural resources. quired Elizabeth Island in 2010. With privately raised funding and support from the Conservation Commis- State-Owned Open Space sion, the Commonwealth’s Conservation Partnership The Commonwealth of Massachusetts owns several program, and the Massachusetts Audubon Society land parcels in Arlington, the largest being the Alewife (MAS), the ALT purchased this undeveloped, heavily Reservation, which is managed by DCR. The DCR pre- vegetated 2-acre island in the middle of Spy Pond and pared master plans for both the Alewife Reservation granted a conservation restriction (co-held by the ACC (2003) and the Mystic River (2009). and MAS). In turn, MAS prepared a management plan The 120-acre Alewife Reservation in Cambridge, for the island that identified minor maintenance needs. Belmont, and Arlington is one of Boston’s largest ur- Elizabeth Island is open to the public, but its limited ban wilds. It provides habitat for a wide range of in- access allows the island to serve as nesting habitat for digenous and migratory birds and many other animals, various species of birds and small mammals. ALT and including deer and coyote. A large portion of the res- the Friends of Spy Pond Park host tours of the island ervation consists of wetlands and water bodies, includ- several times a year, and the Recreation Department ing Little Pond, Little River, and Alewife Brook. The has a boat rental program on the pond during the sum- site also has wooded uplands and meadows. In 2013, mer months so residents can visit the island on their DCR completed a federally-funded $3.8 million multi- own. use path along the Alewife Brook connecting the Min- Symmes Woods. The Town of Arlington acquired the uteman path with the Mystic Valley along the Alewife 18-acre Symmes Hospital property in 2002 in order to Brook Parkway. The Alewife Brook Greenway Bike Path control future development on this large, central site. restoration project (also referred to as the Minuteman The property included several former hospital build- Bikeway Connector) included the installation of a dirt/ ings, a nurse’s residence, several parking lots, and nine stone pathway with elevated boardwalks in ecological- acres of steep woodland. After an extensive public ly sensitive areas, removal of invasive plants, and new process, Arlington sold the property to a developer in landscaping. The path provides much-improved access 2007. The disposition agreement required the per- for bicyclists, pedestrians, bird watchers, and others. manent protection of approximately nine acres of the The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) site, including two public parks and the woodland now owns the pumping station on Brattle Street and the known as Symmes Woods. water tower on top of the Turkey Hill. The Arlington The site offers parking for public visitors to use the Park and Recreation Commission has jurisdiction over parks and woodland trails for passive enjoyment, all the 10.7 acres of wooded land around the Turkey Hill protected with a Conservation Restriction (CR) held jointly by the ACC and ALT. A Conservation Restriction 21 Frances Clark, Carex Associates. Natural Resources Inventory is recorded on a property’s deed and provides the most and Stewardship Plan of Arlington’s Great Meadows in Lexington. restrictive form of land protection. It allows property July 2001. owners to convey partial (less-than-fee) interest in their http://www.foagm.org/AGM_Inventory/RptMaster.pdf 139 arlington master plan land to a qualified conservation organization such as ability programs, and educate the community about the ALT, or public agency such as the ACC. By granting climate change adaptation. In 2006, Town Meeting a CR, the landowner agrees to preserve the property adopted the Arlington Sustainability Action Plan, pre- in its “natural” state and forego future development. pared jointly by Tufts University students and members If given for less than full compensation, the landowner of Sustainable Arlington, an affiliate of the Vision 2020 may receive the benefit of a charitable tax deduction. Environment Task Group. The plan is primarily a cli- mate action plan that focuses on energy efficiency, Unprotected Private Open Space transitioning to sources of energy that lower or elimi- Seventeen acres on several parcels in the southeast nate the production of greenhouse gases, reducing sin- corner of Arlington, known as the Mugar land, are gle-occupancy vehicle trips, and educating the public. the largest privately owned undeveloped properties in Many of the recommendations have been adopted and Arlington. The empty land, located next to Route 2, continue to be carried out by the Town, including the Thorndike Field and the Alewife Brook Reservation, hiring of an energy coordinator and a recycling manag- has been a concern for the Town for many years. In er, and the purchasing of fuel-efficient vehicles. Many 2000 and 2001, Town Meeting endorsed the perma- of the steps taken to implement the Sustainability Ac- nent protection of the land but local officials have not tion Plan set the stage for Arlington’s designation by yet reached agreement with the owners who themselves the Massachusetts Green Communities Program in have proposed several unsuccessful development con- 2010. cepts for the site. 22 In 2010 the Town negotiated an agreement to acquire a substantial majority of the prop- Sustainability focuses on the convergence of the built erty with grant-funding, but the owners later withdrew. and natural environments in places where people can These properties have been altered and filled-in over have healthier, more productive lives while reducing many years; a substantial amount of the site remains their impact on the world’s natural resources. Seen this wetlands and the majority of the area is susceptible to way, sustainability encompasses land use, transporta- flooding. The entire site is within a FEMA-designated tion, economic diversity and competitiveness, and a flood zone and “must be kept free of encroachment so broad range of environmental management practices. that the 1-percent annual chance flood can be carried Arlington has understood this for a long time as shown without substantial increases in flood heights.”23 in the nine Vision 2020 goals the Town adopted in 1993. Other significant unprotected private sites in Arlington are the Winchester Country Club (48 acres) and Bel- Current examples of good sustainability policies in Ar- mont Country Club (11.2 acres), which are presently lington range from the Safe Routes to School Program in use as golf courses but, in fact, zoned as residential. (walkability and public health) to the Vision 2020 sur- The Roman Catholic Archdiocese owns land at Poets veys conducted each year (community assessments and Corner (6.5 acres), the Arlington Catholic High School inclusiveness). The Minuteman Bikeway, the “complete field on Summer Street (2.3 acres), and St. Paul’s streets” plan for Massachusetts Avenue in East Arling- Cemetery (14.9 acres), also zoned as residential. The ton, and Arlington’s tradition of neighborhood schools Kelwyn Manor Park (1.8 acres) includes a playground are also good examples of sustainability in facilities and open space at Spy Pond, but is owned by a private planning and design. Furthermore, Arlington’s efforts neighborhood association. to care for trees, its successful recycling program, and its unusually strong commitment to stormwater educa- tion exemplify the sense of environmental stewardship SSuussttaaiinnaabbiilliittyy aanndd CClliimmaattee CChhaannggee shared by residents, town officials, and staff. With help AAddaappttaattiioonn from MyRWA, rain gardens have been built at Hurd In Arlington, both staff and volunteer committees work Field (Drake Road in Arlington Heights), at the Hardy on the development and implementation of sustain- School (Lake Street), and at Spy Pond Park. Rain gar- dens are vegetated areas that collect, absorb, and clean 22 The state MDC Land Acquistion Program in 2000 listed the stormwater runoff. In addition, porous parking surfaces Mugar land as third highest ranked land acquisition priority of have been installed at Hurd Field and Thorndike Field nearly 300 ranked parcels, among parcels not yet protected. in East Arlington. 23 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Flood Insur- ance Rate Map (25017C0419E). 2010 140