Methods in Molecular Biology 1308 Dagmar B. Stengel Solène Connan Editors Natural Products From Marine Algae Methods and Protocols M M B ETHODS IN OLECULAR IOLOGY Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651 Natural Products From Marine Algae Methods and Protocols Edited by Dagmar B. Stengel Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland Solène Connan Photobiotechnology, INTECHMER, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Cherbourg, Cedex, France; CNRS, GEPEA, UMR6144, Boulevard de l’Université, Saint Nazaire, Cedex, France Editors Dagmar B. S tengel Solène Connan Botany and Plant Science Photobiotechnology, INTECHMER School of Natural Sciences Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers Ryan Institute for Environmental Cherbourg, Cedex, France Marine and Energy Research CNRS, GEPEA, UMR6144 National University of Ireland Galway Boulevard de l’Université Galway, Ireland Saint Nazaire, Cedex, France ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-2683-1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2684-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2684-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940760 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2 015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Prefa ce Over the last decade or so, there has been an explosion in the global interest in marine algae including both seaweeds (macroalgae) and microalgae. This has commonly focused on their application as a source of bioenergy but also, more recently, on their potential as an “untapped” resource of natural products. In tandem with scientifi c and technological developments, public awareness of algae has increased considerably and their inclusion in our daily lives does not appear as alien anymore as it might have been, at least in the western world, a few years ago. Numerous algae-based products are on offer to the consumer, rang- ing from agri-horticultural to food and cosmetic products. Despite this enhanced presence, the general understanding of the diversity and complexity of what this unfortunate all- encompassing term “algae” entails is usually still underestimated by the public as well as some non-phycological researchers; however many scientists globally are currently engaged in unraveling the chemical and taxonomic richness of this diverse group of organisms. In parallel to working towards a better understanding of the basic biology of the many algal groups and their strategies to survive in the marine environments, considerable research efforts have resulted in signifi cant advances in algal biotechnology. There has also been excellent progress in the fi eld of chemical and structural identifi cation of bioactive com- pounds as promising (marine-derived) natural products with potential in drug development in the long term. On the other hand, algal products also have the capability to be integrated in our daily lives as consumers for example as health-promoting foods. Valuable compounds from marine algae include pigments, lipids, and fatty acids and sterols, polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, as well as many secondary metabolites such as mycosporine-like amino acids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes, all of which are highly specifi c to different algal groups and even to species within these. Bioactivities of algal com- pounds described to date range from antioxidant, anti-infl ammatory, antidiabetic, antican- cer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal to anti-obesity and antidiabetic; more recently, high potencies of natural algal products against specifi c parasites have also been discovered. Whilst of traditional and current economic value, and with high social acceptance as commodities in Asia, the western world is lagging in its appreciation of this marine resource, but this is about to change. For example, algae are anticipated to play an important role in the future within the European bioeconomy, with climate change, food security, and an aging population presenting global challenges; industry, researchers, politicians, and, increasingly, the public currently look towards the oceans as a source of novel and sustain- able source of biomass to supply human food and support health and well-being. The pro- vision of sustainable and safe biomass, together with more effective extraction of novel valuable compounds, is thus a growing concern and at the forefront of many national and international multidisciplinary research programs. Regardless of the ultimate application, assuming that suitable algal biomass can be pro- vided sustainably, the vast diversity and complexity of algal biomass demands reliable, fast, and effi cient extraction techniques that allow safe provision of the target compound(s) and accurate but affordable analytical techniques. Also, rapid and reliable tests for bioactivities are required for the manifold applications that are known—and those yet to be discovered. v vi Preface This volume aims to provide examples of the recent advances in extraction method- ologies, analytical techniques, and commonly used bioactive assays currently applied to marine algae. Chapters include protocols for a suite of both routinely used standard pro- cedures and newly developed, highly advanced and specialized techniques, which display currently available tools for characterizing algal chemical composition for the vast array of applications. Whilst the book cannot attempt to be complete (both due to the diversity and complexity of algal compounds, as well as ongoing technological developments), protocols were chosen to represent a range of extraction and analytical methods currently applied to both marine macro- and microalgae. They also cover a range of different com- pounds families that are of current and potential future interest, concentrating on high- value (i.e., non- bioenergy) applications in the food, agricultural, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors. Specifi cally, a review of sources of available algal biomass, current applications of marine algae in different industries, and the recent trends in algal biotechnology is pre- sented at the beginning of this volume (Chapter 1 ) . This is followed by a description of secondary metabolites (structure and function) produced by macroalgae (Chapter 2 ) ; then different extraction techniques are outlined, ranging from the traditional Solid- Liquid Extraction (SLE; Chapters 4 – 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 – 1 8 , 21 ) to the use of enzymes (Chapter 8 ) or Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE; Chapter 9 ) . The following chapters detail several analytical methods: Spectrophotometry (Chapters 3 , 5 , 7 , 20 , 21 ) , Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC; Chapters 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 ), Electrophoresis (Chapter 5 ) , Liquid Chromatography with or without Mass Spectrometer(s) (LC with/without MS; Chapters 6 , 1 0 , 1 5 – 18 ) , Gas Chromatography associated with different detectors or Mass Spectrometer (GC; Chapters 1 1 , 14 , 21 ), Mass Spectrometer (Chapters 1 9 , 21 ), liquid or solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (RMN; Chapters 7 , 1 2 – 1 4 , 2 0 – 22 ), Infra-red Spectroscopy (IF; Chapters 2 1 , 2 2 ) , and Raman Spectroscopy (Chapter 2 3 ) . Also methodologies to highlight different bioactivity of compounds or extracts are described: antioxidant (Chapters 7 and 2 4 ), antimicrobial (Chapter 2 5 ), antifungal (Chapter 2 6 ), and antifouling (Chapter 2 7 ). In each case, these techniques are applied to primary or secondary algal metabolites: proteins (Chapters 3 , 4 ) , polysaccharides (Chapters 3 , 9 , 19 – 2 2 ) , lipids (Chapter 1 1 ) , pigments (Chapters 3 , 5 , 15 ), mycosporine- like amino acids (MAAs; Chapter 6 ), phenolic compounds (Chapters 3 , 7 , 16 ), oxylipins (Chapter 1 0 ) , terpenes (Chapters 1 3 , 14 ) , betaines (Chapter 17 ), and different biotoxins (Chapter 1 8 ). Active in both ecophysiological and applied biotechnological algal research, we con- tinue to be intrigued by the newly described diverse adaptations of algae to their extreme and fl uctuating environments and the resultant “twists” in chemical structures that are discovered. Algal responses to their physical and chemical habitats and microhabitats, chemical ecology and its application in natural products research, are likely to continue to be a fascinating and rich fi eld that will yield new chemicals of value to humans. However the exploitation and commercial application of algae will need to ascertain, perhaps with the aid of novel cultivation methods and further biotechnological develop- ments, that natural resources, their biological and chemical diversity, and their surround- ing marine ecosystems will be protected, in particular, under globally increased environmental pressures. Preface vii We are grateful to our colleagues who have provided support and encouragement throughout our careers, including our Ph.D. supervisors, colleagues at NUI Galway and other institutions in Ireland, France, and abroad, and especially our colleagues in the fi eld of marine biotechnology for stimulating and challenging discussions. A special “thank you” goes to Dr Zoë Popper. We would like to thank our families for their continued support and patience, and the valuable advice and support from Springer during the preparation of this volume. Galway, Ireland D agmar B. Stengel Cherbourg, France Solène Connan Saint Nazaire, France Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i 1 Marine Algae: a Source of Biomass for Biotechnological Applications . . . . . . . 1 Dagmar B. Stengel and S olène Connan 2 S tructure and Function of Macroalgal Natural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 Ryan M . Young , K athryn M . S choenrock , Jacqueline L. von Salm , Charles D. Amsler , and Bill J . Baker 3 S pectrophotometric Assays of Major Compounds Extracted from Algae . . . . . 7 5 Solène C onnan 4 E xtraction and Enrichment of Protein from Red and Green Macroalgae . . . . . 1 03 Pádraigín A. H arnedy and Richard J . F itzGerald 5 E xtraction and Purification of R-phycoerythrin from Marine Red Algae. . . . . . 1 09 Justine D umay , Michèle M orançais , Huu Phuo T rang N guyen , and Joël F leurence 6 E xtraction and Analysis of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids in Marine Algae. . . . . 1 19 Nedeljka N. R osic , Christoph B raun , and D avid K vaskoff 7 Extraction and Purification of Phlorotannins from Brown Algae . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 Erwan A r G all , Florian L elchat , M élanie Hupel , C amille Jégou , and Valérie S tiger-Pouvreau 8 Enzyme-Enhanced Extraction of Antioxidant Ingredients from Algae . . . . . . . 1 45 Björn V. Adalbjörnsson and Rósa Jónsdóttir 9 Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Fucoidan from Marine Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 51 Solange I . M ussatto 10 E xtraction and Analysis of Oxylipins from Macroalgae Illustrated on the Example Gracilaria vermiculophylla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Dominique Jacquemoud and G eorg P ohnert 11 Lipids and Fatty Acids in Algae: Extraction, Fractionation into Lipid Classes, and Analysis by Gas Chromatography Coupled with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 73 Freddy Guihéneuf , M atthias S chmid , and Dagmar B . Stengel 12 H RMAS NMR Analysis of Algae and Identification of Molecules of Interest via Conventional 1D and 2D NMR: Sample Preparation and Optimization of Experimental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 91 Gaëlle S imon , Nelly K ervarec , and Stéphane Cérantola 13 E xtraction, Purification, and NMR Analysis of Terpenes from Brown Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Marc Gaysinski , Annick O rtalo-Magné , Olivier P. Thomas , and Gérald C ulioli ix