NATO’s European Allies This page intentionally left blank NATO’s European Allies Military Capability and Political Will Editedby Janne Haaland Matlary ProfessorofInternationalPolitics,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,UniversityofOslo, Norway and Magnus Petersson ProfessorofModernHistory,NorwegianInstituteforDefenceStudies,Norway JanneHaalandMatlaryandMagnusPetersson©2013 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-03499-1 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-44211-9 ISBN 978-1-137-03500-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137035004 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Contents ListofTables vii Acknowledgements viii NotesonContributors ix 1 Introduction:WillEuropeLeadinNATO? 1 J.H.MatlaryandM.Petersson Part I DeterminantsoftheUseofForce 2 FromMarstoVenus?EuropeanUseofForcefroma HistoricalPerspective 25 M.Petersson 3 AFarewelltoArms:Europe’sMeritocracyandthe DemilitarizationofEurope 37 C.Coker 4 TowardsanAffordableEuropeanDefenceandSecurity Policy?TheCaseforExtensiveEuropeanForceIntegration 57 S.Diesen 5 Strategy,RiskandThreatPerceptionsinNATO 71 Ø.ØsterudandA.Toje Part II Application:CaseStudies 6 NoMoreFree-Riding:ThePoliticalEconomyofMilitary PowerandtheTransatlanticRelationship 97 S.Kay 7 BetweenTheoryandPractice:BritainandtheUseofForce 121 P.Porter 8 France:TheStatewithStrategicVision 141 Y.Boyer 9 TheReluctantAlly?Germany,NATOandtheUseofForce 161 B.Schreer v vi Contents 10 WillingandAble?SpanishStatecraftasBrokerage 178 D.ColettaandD.García 11 Poland’sParticipationinNATOOperations 205 M.Pietras 12 HungaryinNATO:TheCaseofaHalfEmptyGlass 232 T.Magyarics 13 PunchingaboveItsWeight:Denmark’sLegitimate PeripheralParticipationinNATO’sWars 262 M.V.Rasmussen 14 Norway:MilitarilyAblebutPoliticallyDivided 279 J.H.Matlary Index 301 List of Tables 11.1 AttitudeofthePolestowardsthepresenceofPolish troopsinAfghanistan(%) 211 vii Acknowledgements Firstofall,wewouldliketothanktheresearchprogramme‘NATOina ChangingWorld’attheNorwegianInstituteofDefenceStudies(IFS)of theNorwegianDefenceUniversityCollege,andtheDepartmentofPolit- icalScience,UniversityofOslo,forgeneroussupportforthemakingof thisbook.Theprogramme,financedbytheNorwegianMOD,supports researchonvariousaspectsofNATOandisinterdisciplinary. Furthermore, we are grateful to colleagues for comments on various drafts of our chapters, especially Associate Professor Paal S. Hilde and LieutenantColonelDrHaraldHøyback,andtothechapterauthorsfor beingpreciseandpromptindeliveringtheircontributions. Finally, we would like to thank Christina Brian, Julia Willan and Harriet Barker at Palgrave Macmillan for encouraging and supporting thebookprojectfromthebeginningtotheend. JanneHaalandMatlaryandMagnusPetersson OsloandBoston,July2012 viii Contributors Yves Boyer is Professor at the E˙cole Polytechnique, France, where he teaches International Security Affairs, and is Deputy Director of the Paris-basedFondationpourlaRechercheStratégique(FRS). ChristopherCokerisProfessorofInternationalRelationsattheLondon School of Economics and Political Science, UK. He is a regular lecturer at the Royal College of Defence Studies (London), the NATO Defence College(Rome),theCentreforInternationalSecurity(Geneva)andthe NationalInstituteforDefenceStudies(Tokyo). DamonColettaisProfessorofPoliticalScienceattheUnitedStatesAir Force Academy, USA. His research interests include transatlantic rela- tions, international crisis management and civil–military relations. He istheauthorofTrustedGuardian:InformationSharingandtheFutureofthe AtlanticAlliance(2008),andco-editoroftheeightheditionofAmerican DefensePolicy. Sverre Diesen is a former Chief of Defence of Norway. He is a gradu- ate of the Norwegian Military Academy (1979), Norwegian Army Staff College I and II (1986–1988); and Staff College Camberley, UK (1990). He also holds a master of science degree in Civil Engineering from the NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Norway(1976). David García is Professor of International Relations, Department of InternationalStudies,attheComplutenseUniversityofMadrid,Spain. His areas of interest are US foreign policy, transatlantic relations and securityinAsia-Pacific. Sean Kay is Professor of Politics and Government, Chair of Interna- tionalStudies,OhioWesleanUniversity,andAssociate,MershonCenter forInternationalSecurityStudiesattheOhioStateUniversity,USA.He specializesininternationalpolitics,internationalsecurity,globalization, internationalorganizationsandUSforeignanddefencepolicy. Tamás Magyarics is Hungarian Ambassador to Ireland. He is currently on leave from Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, where he is an ix