BIOMASS PROGRAM National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap MAY 2010 National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap A technology roadmap resulting from the National Algal Biofuels Workshop December 9-10, 2008 College Park, Maryland Workshop and Roadmap sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of the Biomass Program Publication Date: May 2010 John Ferrell Valerie Sarisky-Reed Office of Energy Efficiency Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and Renewable Energy Office of the Biomass Program Office of the Biomass Program (202)586-5340 (202)586-5340 [email protected] [email protected] Roadmap Editors: Daniel Fishman,1 Rajita Majumdar,1 Joanne Morello,2 Ron Pate,3 and Joyce Yang2 Workshop Organizers: Al Darzins,4 Grant Heffelfinger,3 Ron Pate,3 Leslie Pezzullo,2 Phil Pienkos,4 Kathy Roach,5 Valerie Sarisky-Reed,2 and the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) A complete list of workshop participants and roadmap contributors is available in the appendix. Suggested Citation for This Roadmap: U.S. DOE 2010. National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program. Visit http://biomass.energy.gov for more information 1BCS, Incorporated 2Office of the Biomass Program 3Sandia National Laboratories 4National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5MurphyTate LLC This report is being disseminated by the Department of Energy. As such, the document was prepared in compliance with Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Public Law No. 106-554) and information quality guidelines issued by the Department of energy. Further, this report could be “influential scientific information” as that term is defined in the Office of Management and Budget’s Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (Bulletin). This report has been peer reviewed pursuant to section II.2 of the Bulletin. Preface Welcome to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Biomass Program’s National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap. Prepared with the input of more than 200 scientists, engineers, industry representatives, research managers, and other stakeholders, this document represents the synthesis of the Biomass Program’s National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap Workshop, comments gathered during a public comment period, and supporting scientific literature. This Roadmap is intended to summarize the state of technology for algae-based fuels and document the research and development challenges associated with producing them at a commercial scale. Renewable energy lies at the intersection of some of our nation’s most pressing issues: our energy security, our economic wellbeing, and the stability of our global climate. These national challenges require near-term solutions as well as investments in nascent technologies that show promise for the future. Therefore, while DOE works to deploy renewable energy and energy-efficient projects across the country today, it remains committed to fostering technologies that could yield substantial benefits over time. Achieving cost-competitive, sustainable algal biofuels will entail years of research and careful planning, but their significant potential to serve as renewable transportation fuels warrants our thorough consideration of what efforts are necessary to make them a commercial-scale reality. DOE has recently revived its investment in algal biofuels in response to the increased urgency of lowering greenhouse gas emissions and producing affordable, reliable energy, as well as the recognition that we will not likely achieve these goals via one technology pathway. Through appropriated dollars and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, DOE is investing in a variety of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) projects that seek to tackle key technical hurdles associated with commercializing algal biofuels. Meanwhile, other federal agencies, private companies, and the academic community are also increasing their efforts to optimize and commercialize this renewable energy source. This Roadmap lays the groundwork for identifying challenges that will likely need to be surmounted for algae and cyanobacteria to be used in the production of economically viable, environmentally sound biofuels. It is intended to serve as a resource for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers by providing a summary of progress to date and a direction for future algae RD&D activities, and we hope it fosters and informs participation from existing and new stakeholders as the next steps are taken to advance algal biofuels. DOE looks forward to continuing its work with diverse partners in evaluating renewable energy options and facilitating development of those that carry the greatest benefits today and in the years to come. Valerie Sarisky-Reed Acting Manager, Biomass Program U.S. Department of Energy Preface i Executive Summary “ Developing the next generation of biofuels is key to our effort to end our dependence on foreign oil and address the ” climate crisis – while creating millions of new jobs that can’t be outsourced — Secretary of Energy Steven Chu at the White House ceremony on May 5, 2009, announcing $800 million in new biofuel research activities In recent years, biomass-derived fuels have received increasing attention as one solution to our nation’s continued and growing dependence on imported oil, which exposes the country to the risk of critical disruptions in fuel supply, creates economic and social uncertainties for businesses and individuals, and impacts A culture of the microalgae Botryococcus. Photo courtesy of the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton our national security. The Energy Independence and (CCMP). Security Act of 2007 (EISA) established a mandatory Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requiring transportation sugars from cyanobacteria and macroalgae. In addition fuel sold in the U.S. to contain a minimum of 36 billion to fungible biofuels, a variety of different biofuels and gallons of renewable fuels, including advanced and products can be generated using algae precursors. cellulosic biofuels and biomass-based diesel, by 2022. While cellulosic ethanol is expected to play a large role There are several aspects of algal biofuel production that in meeting the EISA goals, a number of next generation have combined to capture the interest of researchers and biofuels show significant promise in helping to achieve entrepreneurs around the world. These include: the goal. Of these candidates, biofuels derived from algae 1) high per-acre productivity, 2) non-food based have the potential to help the U.S. meet the new RFS feedstock resources, 3) use of otherwise non-productive, while at the same time moving the nation ever closer to non-arable land, 4) utilization of a wide variety of water energy independence. To accelerate the deployment of sources (fresh, brackish, saline, marine, produced, and advanced biofuels, President Obama and Secretary of wastewater), 5) production of both biofuels and valuable Energy Steven Chu announced the investment of $800M co-products, and 6) potential recycling of CO and other 2 in new research on biofuels in the American Recovery nutrient waste streams. and Renewal Act. This announcement included funds for the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy The DOE-supported Aquatic Species Program, an effort Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Biomass undertaken from 1978 to 1996, illustrated the potential Program to invest in the research, development, and of algae as a biofuel feedstock. Much has changed since deployment of commercial algae-to-biofuel processes. the end of the program. Rising petroleum prices and a Additional funding is being directed to algae-to-biofuel national mandate to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign research both in EERE and other government agencies oil, provide environmental benefits, and create economic and programs. opportunities across the nation have renewed interest in developing algal feedstocks for biofuels production. The term algae can refer to microalgae, cyanobacteria (the so called “blue-green algae”), and macroalgae (or While the basic concept of using algae as an alternative seaweed). Under certain conditions, some microalgae and renewable source of biomass feedstock for biofuels have the potential to accumulate significant amounts has been explored previously, a scalable, sustainable of lipids (more than 50% of their ash-free cell dry and commercially viable system has yet to emerge. weight). These characteristics give great potential for The National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap an immediate pathway to high energy density, fungible Workshop, held December 9-10, 2008, was convened fuels. These fuels can also be produced using other algae by DOE-EERE’s Biomass Program. The two-day event feedstocks and intermediates, including starches and brought together more than 200 scientists, engineers, ii Executive Summary research managers, industry representatives, lawyers, algal biomass production systems at commercial financiers, and regulators from across the country to scale. By documenting the challenges across the algal discuss and identify the critical challenges currently biomass supply chain and highlighting research and hindering the economical production of algal biofuels at coordination needs and gaps, this document will serve to commercial scale. guide researchers and engineers, policymakers, federal agencies, and the private sector in implementing national This document represents the output from the Workshop, research, development, and deployment efforts. supporting scientific literature, and comments received during a public comment period. The Roadmap In summary, the Roadmap Workshop effort suggests document is intended to provide a comprehensive state that many years of both basic and applied science and of technology summary for fuels and co-products from engineering will likely be needed to achieve affordable, algal feedstocks and to document the feasibility and scalable, and sustainable algal-based fuels. The ability techno-economic challenges associated with scaling to quickly test and implement new and innovative up of processes. This document also seeks to explore technologies in an integrated process will be a key the economic and environmental impacts of deploying component to accelerating progress. Executive Summary iii FROFMRO AMLG AALEG ATOE TBOIO BFIUOEFLUSE LS An IntAegn rIantteedg rSaytsetde mSyss Atepmpsro Aapcph rtooa cRhe ntoew Raebnleew Eanbelreg Ey ntheargt yis Abundant, Affordable, and Sustainable ALGAE FEEDSTOCKS CULTIVATION Microalgae and cyanobacteria can be cultivated via photoautotrophic methods (where algae require light to grow and create new biomass) in open or closed ponds or via heterotrophic methods (where algae are grown without light and are fed a carbon source, such as sugars, to generate new biomass). Macroalgae (or seaweed) has different cultivation needs that typically require open off-shore or coastal facilities. Designing an optimum cultivation system involves leveraging the biology of the algal strain used and inegrating it with the best suited downstream processing options. Choices made for the cultivation system are key to the affordability, scalability, and sustainability of algae to biofuel systems. Fermentation Tanks MICROALGAE CYANOBACTERIA MACROALGAE Closed Photobioreactors Algae as feedstocks for bioenergy refers to a diverse group of organisms that include microalgae, macroalgae (seaweed), and cyanobacteria (formerly called “blue-green algae”). Algae occur in a variety of natural aqueous and terrestial habitats ranging from freshwater, brackish waters, marine, and hyper-saline environments to soil and in symbiotic associations with other organisms. Understanding, managing, and taking advantage of the biology of algal strains selected for use in production systems is the foundation for processing feedstocks into fuels and products. Isolating new strains directly from unique environments will ensure versatile and robust strains for mass culture needed in biofuels applications. Open Ponds Example Cultivation Systems POLICY SITING AND RESOURCES iv Executive Summary Systems and Techno-Economic Analysis: GuiDdeinvge ltohpem Reenste Paarcthh Taonwd a r d a Commercially Viable Algal Biofuel Industry FROM ALGAE TO BIOFUELS An Integrated Systems Approach to Renewable E nergy Abundant, Affordable, and Sustainable HARVESTING / DEWATERING CONVERSION Some processes for the conversion of algae to liquid Conversion to fuels and products is predicated on a basic process decision point: transportation fuels require pre-processing steps such as harvesting and dewatering. Algal cultures are mainly grown 1) Conversion of whole algal biomass; in water and can require process steps to concentrate 2) Extraction of algal metabolites; or harvested algal biomass prior to extraction and conversion. 3) Processing of direct algal secretions. These steps can be energy-intensive and can entail siting Conversion technology options include chemical, issues. biochemical, and thermochemical processes, or a CH2-O-C EXTRACTION combination of these approaches. The end products vary depending on the conversion technology utilized. Focusing on biofuels as the end-product O poses challenges due to the high volumes and relative low CH -O-C R 2 1 values associated with bulk commodities like gasoline and O diesel fuels. CH-O-C R 2 O CH -O-C R 2 3 Bio-Crude Algal Lipid: Precursor to Biofuels Three major components can be extracted from algal biomass: lipids (including triglycerides and fatty acids), carbohydrates, and proteins. While lipids and carbohydrates are fuel precursors (e.g., gasoline, biodiesel and jet fuel), proteins can be used for co-products (e.g., animal/fish feeds). Most challenges in extraction are associated with the industrial scale up of integrated extraction systems. While many analytical techniques exist, optimizing extraction systems that consume less energy than contained in the algal products is a challenge due to the high energy needs associated with both handling and drying algal biomass as well as separating out desirable products. Some algal biomass production processes are investigating options to bypass extraction, though these are also subject to a number of unique scale-up challenges. End Uses: • Biodiesel • Biogas • Renewable Hydrocarbons • Co-products • Alcohols (e.g., animal feed, fertilizers, industrial enzymes, bioplastics, and surfactants) REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS Executive Summary v Systems and Techno-Economic Analysis: GuiDdeinvge ltohpem Reenste Paarcthh Taonwd a r d a Commercially Viable Algal Biofuel Industry vi Executive Summary