National Aeronautics and Educational Product Space Administration Educators Grades K-4 AERONAUTICS An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education Aeronautics–An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education is available in electronic format through NASA Spacelink–one of the Agency’s electronic resources specifically developed for use by the educational community. This guide and other NASA education products may be accessed at the following Address: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/products Aeronautics An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education What pilot, astronaut, or aeronautical engineer didn’t start out with a toy glider? National Aeronautics and Space Administration This publication is in the Public Domain and is not protected by copyright. Permission is not required for duplication. EG-1998-09-105-HQ September 1998 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................4 Preface/How to Use This Guide .....................................................................................................5 Matrices Science Standards..................................................................................................................6 Mathematics Standards..........................................................................................................7 Science Process Skills ............................................................................................................8 NASA Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology Enterprise......................................... 9 Aeronautics Background for Educators................................................................................ 10 Activities Air Air Engines............................................................................................................................15 Dunked Napkin.....................................................................................................................20 Paper Bag Mask.....................................................................................................................26 Wind in Your Socks................................................................................................................32 Air: Interdisciplinary Learning Activities ................................................................................39 Flight Bag Balloons .........................................................................................................................43 Sled Kite................................................................................................................................47 Right Flight............................................................................................................................55 Delta Wing Glider.................................................................................................................63 Rotor Motor...........................................................................................................................72 Flight: Interdisciplinary Learning Activities ............................................................................79 We Can Fly, You and I Making Time Fly....................................................................................................................83 Where is North? The Compass Can Tell Us ............................................................................90 Let’s Build a Table Top Airport................................................................................................94 Plan to Fly There..................................................................................................................100 We Can Fly, You and I: Interdisciplinary Learning Activities................................................. 110 2 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ Appendix The Parts of an Airplane ..............................................................................................................113 Aeronautical Glossary .................................................................................................................114 Suggested Reading............................................................................................................. 118 NASA Resources for Educators NASA Educational Materials................................................................................................121 NASA Television..................................................................................................................122 On-Line Resources for Educators NASA Education Home Page...............................................................................................123 Spacelink ............................................................................................................................123 Learning Technologies Project ............................................................................................. 123 NASA Aeronautics Centers Education Home Pages.............................................................. 123 NASA Aeronautics Photographs and Images........................................................................ 124 Other Aeronautics Education Websites................................................................................124 Other Aviation and Aeronautics Websites............................................................................ 125 NASA Educator Resource Center Network ...............................................................................126 Evaluation Reply Card ......................................................................................................Back Cover 3 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ Acknowledgements Editors Pat Biggs Ted Huetter Contributors/Writers Charles Anderson Pat Biggs Deborah Brown Steve Culivan Sue Ellis James Gerard Ellen Hardwick Norm Poff Carla Rosenberg Deborah Shearer Octavia Tripp Ron Ernst Art Direction and Layout Ted Huetter Graphic Illustration NACA X-1 Research Aircraft Rod Waid 1946 Photography (Numbered clockwise from upper left) NACA file photos 2, 7,13,14,NASA file photo 5, Nick Galante 3, Mike Smith 4, Jim Ross 11, 12, Ted Huetter 1, 6, 8, 9, 10 ...................................................Cover Ted Huetter...............................................................................................................................................Page 14 NASA file photo........................................................................................................................................Page 42 Carla Thomas............................................................................................................................................Page 82 Carla Thomas..........................................................................................................................................Page 112 Special thanks to: Michelle Davis, Lee Duke, Jim Fitzgerald, Deborah Gallaway, Jane George, Doris Grigsby, Yvonne Kellogg, Marianne McCarthy, Joan Sanders, Greg Vogt, Deborah Dyer Wahlstrom, and Ralph Winrich. NACA/NASA aircraft technical drawings by Dennis Calaba and Marco Corona. This guide was produced at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA, with graphics support from NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. 4 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ Preface Welcome to the exciting world of aeronautics. The term aeronautics originated in France, and was derived from the Greek words for “air” and “to sail.” It is the study of flight and the operation of aircraft. This educator guide explains basic aeronautical concepts, provides a background in the history of aviation, and sets them within the context of the flight environment (atmosphere, airports, and navigation). The activities in this guide are designed to be uncomplicated and fun. They have been developed by NASA Aerospace Education Services Program specialists, who have successfully used them in countless workshops and student programs around the United States. The activities encourage students to explore the nature of flight, and experience some real-life applications of mathematics, science, and technology. The subject of flight has a wonderful power to inspire learning. How to Use This Guide This guide begins with education standards and skills matrices for the classroom activities, a description of the NASA aeronautics mission, and a brief history of aeronautics. The activities are divided into three chapters: Air Flight We Can Fly, You and I The activities are written for the educator. Each activity begins with (1) objectives, (2) education standards and skills, and (3) background material for the subject matter in the activity. The activity continues with by step-by- step instructions (and associated graphics) to help the educator guide students through the activity in the class- room. Each activity includes “student pages,” easily identified by this icon: The student pages are as simple as a graphic of the activity, and as advanced as a work sheet. They are meant to supplement the educator’s presentation, serve as reminders, and inspire students to explore their own creativity. Activities requiring step-by-step assembly include student pages that present the project in a way that can be understood by pre-literate students. Each chapter ends with a section listing suggested interdisciplinary activities. This publication is in the public domain and is not protected by copyright. Permission is not required for duplication. 5 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ Activity Matrix s e v cti e p s n s ScienPcoes iatis PoIhnn yqasiunPicrrda oyl pMSeocrUtitiineioefnsny c iEoeovnffi g dOeOCSbnbjocjiceneeecc,ctn teSssc pcMetia soen adndan ecHnldie sdsM , tTi aetPonar rcenrSyohi dcon aalecEoinslxsadol pe lgsaNaynantda utriPeoe rosf oSncail ePnecre Air Engines Dunked Napkin Paper Bag Mask Wind in Your Socks Bag Balloons Sled Kite Right Flight Delta Wing Glider Rotor Motor Making Time Fly Where is North? Let's Build a Table Top Airport Plan to Fly There Science Standards 6 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ Activity Matrix s ult s e R g n eti r p r e ProbleCom mSoRmleuvainsincoCganotiinnongneMcetiasoVunresreifmyEiestnnitg maParntied odIinnctGtriaopnhs Air Engines Dunked Napkin Paper Bag Mask Wind in Your Socks Bag Balloons Sled Kite Right Flight Delta Wing Glider Rotor Motor Making Time Fly Where is North? Let's Build a Table Top Airport Plan to Fly There Mathematics Standards 7 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ Activity Matrix s e O bserCvoinmgmMuenaiscCuarotililnoegPncrtiendig ctMiDaanktgiIanngv esGItrinatgpeatrhiiIpncrnsfgeteirrniCg nogDntartoalMlaiknign gV ariM aobdlels Air Engines Dunked Napkin Paper Bag Mask Wind in Your Socks Bag Balloons Sled Kite Right Flight Delta Wing Glider Rotor Motor Making Time Fly Where is North? Let's Build a Table Top Airport Plan to Fly There Science Process Skills 8 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education EG-1998-09-105-HQ