“A MORAL WILDERNESS”: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S THE SCARLET LETTER By Lehtie Chalise Thomson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English, Literature Boise State University December 2011 © 2011 Lehtie Chalise Thomson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Lehtie Chalise Thomson Thesis Title: “A Moral Wilderness”: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Date of Final Oral Examination: 10 October 2011 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Lehtie Chalise Thomson, and they evaluated her presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Steven Olsen-Smith, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Thomas Hillard, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Jeffrey Westover, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Steven Olsen-Smith, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved for the Graduate College by John R. Pelton, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Steven Olsen-Smith, Dr. Thomas Hillard, and Dr. Jeffrey Westover for their invaluable insights and guidance in the writing of my thesis. Their combined knowledge of the Puritan era, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Romanticism made it possible for me to compile and clarify my thoughts. I always gained more from our meetings than what I brought to the table. I know that my comprehension and ability to express myself were strengthened through my committee’s tutelage. I would especially like to thank Dr. Steven Olsen-Smith who, as my advisor, spent countless hours reading and discussing my work with me. iv ABSTRACT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter portrays his understanding of Puritan doctrines and culture. He addresses sin and redemption through his primary characters Hester Prynne and the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale, whose adultery has resulted in the birth of Pearl and Hester’s scarlet A. He demonstrates Hester’s refusal to publically accept her sin as such. He also outlines the physical demise and spiritual indecision of the minister as Dimmesdale struggles to live two opposing lives. I call attention to how Hawthorne takes his knowledge of the New England Puritans and alters the historical context to emphasize his Romantic views of sin and redemption. Insufficient attention has been given to Hawthorne’s precise changing of historical Puritan beliefs in order to depict his Romantic notions. At initial glance, it appears that Hawthorne does one of two things: he either disconnects entirely or adheres strictly to Puritan doctrines and culture. But using a historical approach, I examine the Puritan background to accentuate Hawthorne’s nuanced fusion of Puritanical conceptions with Romantic perceptions of sin and redemption. For instance, while the Puritans viewed sin as evil and believed in the weight of collective guilt, Hawthorne accepts that there was “an educative effect” in sin (Mills 97). He agrees with the Puritans that sin was a result of wickedness, but disagrees that sin damned a person forever. Hester’s overcoming society’s stipulations placed upon her indicates Hawthorne’s Romantic assertion that the individual determines her course. v Also, while the Puritans believed in predestination, Hawthorne claims that redemption consists of self-realization and empowerment. Dimmesdale attempts but fails to break free of the Puritan belief in predestination. Hester rejects predestination and becomes her own savior, eventually advising other society members. Her self-realization allows Hester to break free of the cultural norms and focus on impacting society for the good. She uses her wisdom to comfort the discouraged individuals struggling against the system. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................v PREFACE.................................................................................................................................1 Sin.................................................................................................................................3 Redemption...................................................................................................................5 Dimmesdale..................................................................................................................8 Hester............................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1: PURITANS, HAWTHORNE, AND SIN........................................................12 CHAPTER 2: PURITANS, HAWTHORNE, AND REDEMPTION....................................32 CHAPTER 3: DIMMESDALE THE SECRET SINNER......................................................52 CHAPTER 4: HESTER THE ANTI-PURITAN....................................................................70 WORKS CITED.....................................................................................................................88 vii 1 PREFACE Nathaniel Hawthorne felt haunted by his familial connections to the New England Puritans. This is unsurprising in light of his progenitor’s involvement in the Salem Witch Trials. The accepted account of Hawthorne’s great-grandfather’s involvement in the Salem Witch Trial judging indicates that Colonel John Hathorne felt no remorse for his participation. In fact, as Brenda Wineapple states, in the aftermath of the affair, “Colonel John mounted his steed and rode out to the stony promontory later known as Gallows hill, where, unyielding, he surveyed what his ironclad piety had wrought” (15-16). Many critics and scholars have written on Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, and the Puritans. However, insufficient analysis has been devoted to how the behavior of Hawthorne’s characters in The Scarlet Letter deviates from the historically documented behaviors of New England Puritans. In Barriss Mills’ 1948 article entitled “Hawthorne and Puritanism,” Mills gives a brief history of criticism up to that point, stating that some critics viewed Hawthorne as praising the Puritans, that others saw him as criticizing the Puritans, and that still a third group perceived him as trying to mesh history and his personal feelings. While W. C. Brownell “saw in Hawthorne a genuine son of the Puritans” and Herbert Schneider viewed Hawthorne as “reviving the best in Puritanism,” Parrington claimed Hawthorne “criticiz[es] the Puritans from a skeptical point of view” (78 as cited in Mills). The third group stated that although Hawthorne would never be able to disregard his “Puritan 2 forefathers, nevertheless […] Puritanism was no longer a way of life but rather a subject for literary art” (79). While perceptions of Hawthorne’s attraction, ambivalence, and disinterest toward the Puritans are widely circulated, one view has largely been ignored: The Scarlet Letter as Hawthorne deviating from the Puritan beliefs and holding his characters up against the Puritans as preferred models of the redeemable person. Hawthorne used writing as a means of purging. Michael J. Colacurcio asserts that “The Scarlet Letter must be seen as Hawthorne’s way of testing the limits of Puritan theology as a way of making sense out of some deep and passionate forms of human experience” (192). Hawthorne examined his past as well as his contemporary surroundings in order to work out his perceptions about sin and redemption. The Scarlet Letter depicts Hawthorne’s understanding of Puritan doctrines and society as well as his observations through the Romantic lens of the 1850s. He merged the perspectives in order to analyze his very personal feelings surrounding his mother’s death. In Chapter 1, I discuss the Puritans’ view of sin, particularly as a communal burden leading to collective guilt. I contrast the historical explanation of sin with Hawthorne’s Romantic rendering of sin as a means of education for understanding humanity. In Chapter 2, I discuss the Puritans’ doctrine of redemption as it centers around predestination, which is the belief that God alone chose who was saved and who was damned. Hawthorne portrays redemption as individualized and dependent upon the person’s self-realization. In Chapter 3, I claim that Hawthorne uses the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale as the supposed Puritan standard that fails to remain true. In my concluding chapter, I assert that Hawthorne sets Hester up as the anti-Puritan intent on defying the magistrates because she believes that only she has power to determine her redemption. 3 Sin In Chapter 1, I focus on the concept of sin, first from the Puritan point of view and then from Hawthorne’s. The New England Puritans believed in collective guilt, as well as certain steps once sin was confessed. While Hawthorne agrees that sin was wrong, he attributes a beneficial use to sin. This shift demonstrates individuality, focusing on Dimmesdale and Hester’s respective paths following their mutual sin rather than on the actual sin. As long as there was awareness of the self and a desire to grow, Romantic concepts, then sin was not detrimental in and of itself. Puritans viewed sin as wrong in all instances. There was never an acceptable reason for sinning. Generally speaking, the Puritans were staunch believers in crushing the evil within a person and society in order to ensure the thriving of what they termed righteousness. If, however, a person sinned, then there were specific steps to be followed. After confession, the sinner was admonished to repent. If repentance was not the result, then the church had the power to excommunicate, or cast out, the sinner. Hawthorne takes the topic of sin and uses the Puritans as a backdrop for depicting his own views. He uses Dimmesdale and Hester to portray sin as an agent of change. Both characters grow and develop because of their mutual sin. Dimmesdale cultivates empathy for the sinner and is able to better minister to his parishioners. Hester, on the other hand, connects with society by holding herself aloof from society. After the magistrates recognize Hester as a sinner, the Puritan society will not accept her into their presence. Yet, when she outwardly appears to shun society, then the other members of Boston slowly draw Hester back into association with them.