View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KhartoumSpace Effect of Different Dilution of Red Sea Water on Germination and performance of Seedling of Some Acacia Tree Species A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc in (Desertification) By: Nasreldin Adam Ali Ahmed B.Sc( honour)(2002) Faculty of forestry Khartoum University Supervisor: Professor Doctor / SalahEldin Goda Hussein Desertification and Desert Cultivation Studies Institute (DADCSI) April/ 2009 Dedication I dedicate this thesis To my dear mother To the soul of my father To my dear brothers and sisters For their encouragement With endless love and respect atáÜxÄw|Ç I Acknowledgement From the very beginning to the end I thank Allah who provides me with health and strength and through whom a number of relatives and friends and many more than I can mention helped me throughout this study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Doctor SalahEldin Goda Hussein for his valuable advice and directions through-out the study. I’m grateful to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for the financial support and special thanks to the University of Zalingei. Deepest gratitude and appreciations are also extended to the staff of the Faculty of Forestry Sciences of University of Zalingei for their help and encouragement. My gratitude is extended to the Institute of Desertification and Desert Cultivation, University of Khartoum for facilitating the research work and academic supervision. II Abstract The study was carried out in the year 2008 at the Faculty of Forestry nursery, University of Khartoum, Shambat with the main objective of determining the effect of salinity (mixed Red Sea water/Tap water) on Germination and seedling performance of some acacia species namely; Acacia Senegal (S1), Acacia nubica (S2), Acacia seyal(S3) , Acacia tortilis (S4) and Acacia mellifera (S5). To indicate salinity tolerance of the tree species tested. Five treatments were used namely; 5 dSm-1 (C5), 10 dSm-1 (C10), 15 dSm-1 (C15), 20 dSm-1(C20) and the control (0.4 dSm-1). Results showed that the seeds germinated in water with EC ranging from 0.4 to 10 dSm-1, but failed in EC ≥ 15dSm-1.It further showed that there are no significant differences (P < 0.05) between EC5 dSm-1 and tap water (control) during the period of the experiment for Survival percentage, Seedling length, root length, seedling diameter at root collar and shoot/root ratio. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P > 0.05) between EC 10 dSm-1 and EC 0.4 and EC 5 dSm-1 collectively, similarly between EC 10 dSm-1 and EC 15 dSm-1 and EC 20 dSm-1 collectively for all parameters. The most tolerant species were Acacia mellifera and Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal was intermediate, Acacia nubica and Acacia seyal were least tolerant to salinity. III ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ، ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟ ( تﺎﺒﻤ(cid:1127)ﺷ) مﻮﻃﺮﺨﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟا ﺔﻴّﻠآ ﻞﺘﺸﻤﺑ 2008 مﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﺤﻟا ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا ﻩﺬه ﺖﻳﺮﺟا ؛ﻲ(cid:1127)هو ﺎﻴﺸ(cid:1127)ﻴآﻻا رﺎﺠ(cid:1127)ﺷأ لﻮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺷ ﺾ(cid:1127)ﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ (رﻮﺒﻨﺼﻟا ءﺎﻣ / ﺮﻤﺣﻷا ﺮﺤﺒﻟا ءﺎﻣ ﻂﻠﺧ) ﺔﺣﻮﻠﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ (S3) ﺢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻄﻟا ‘ Acacia nubica (S2) تﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻠﻟا ، Acacia senegal (S1) بﺎﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻟا ، Acacia mellifera (S5) ﺮ(cid:1127)ﺘﻜﻟا ، Acacia tortilis ( S4) لﺎﻴﺴﻟا ، Acacia seyal .عاﻮﻧﻻا ﻩﺬه ﻦﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺔﺣﻮﻠﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺔﺟرد ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ و 15 dSm-1, 10 dSm-1, 5dSm-1 , 0.4 dSm-1: ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ه تﻼﻣ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻣ ﺔﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺧ ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳا .20 dSm-1 ,(ﺪهﺎﺸﻟا) 0.4 dSm-1 ﺰﻴآﺮﺗ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻓ ﺖﺘﺒﻧ عاﻮﻧﻻا ﻞآروﺬﺑ نّ ﺄﺑ تﺎﺒﻧﻻارﺎﺒﺘﺧا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ تﺮﻬﻇا . 20 dSm-1و 15 dSm-1 ﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴآﺮﺗ ىﻮﺘﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺗﺎﺒﻧا ﻞﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻨﻴﺑ ,10 dSm-1و 5dSm-1 و ﺪهﺎﺸ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)ﺑ (0.05) ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺟرد ﺖ(cid:1127)ﺤﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳ ﻮﻨﻌﻣ تﺎ (cid:1127)ﻓﻼﺘﺧإ دﻮ(cid:1127)ﺟو مﺪﻋ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨ ﻟا تﺮﻬﻇا ﺎﻀﻳأ :ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻴﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا ةﺮﺘﻓ ءﺎﻨﺛأ 5dSm-1ﺰﻴآﺮﺗ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ .رﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﻟا لﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻃ/قﺎﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا لﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻃ ﺔﺒﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧو ﺔﻠﺘﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻄﻗ ،رﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﻟا لﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻃ ، ﺔﻠﺘﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا لﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻃ ،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﺌﻤﻟا ءﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﺒﻟا ﺔﺒﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧ ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ (0.05) ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﻨﻌﻤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟرد ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓﻼﺘﺧإ ﻲﺋﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣﻹا ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧ تﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻇا ، 15dSm-1 و 10 dSm-1 ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺜﻤﻟﺎﺑو . ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻣ 5 dSm-1 ، 0.4 dSm-1و 10 dSm-1 ، Acacia mellifera ﺮ(cid:1127)ﺘﻜﻟا نﺎ(cid:1127)آ ﺔﺣﻮﻠﻤﻠﻟ ﻼﻤّﺤﺗ عاﻮﻧﻻاﺮﺜآاّ .تﺎﺳﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﻞّ ﻜﻟ ﺎﻌﻣ 20 dSm-1 Acacia nubica تﻮﻌﻠﻟا ,ﻼﻤﺤﺗ ﻞﻗاAcacia senegal بﺎﺸﻬﻟا ، Acacia tortilis لﺎﻴﺴﻟا .ﺔﺣﻮﻠﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻔﻴﻌﺿ ﻼﻤﺤﺗ اﺮﻬﻇا Acacia seyal ﺢﻠﻄﻟا و IV List OF Contents SUBJECT Dedication …………………………………………………………..1 Acknowledgements………………………………………………....11 English abstract…………………………………………………..…111 Arabic abstract……………………………………………………....1V List OF Contents…………………………………………………….V List of table……………………………………………………….…IX List of figures………………………………………………………...X CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………..1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERETURE REVIEW……………………..…3 2- 1 Requirement for tree growth……………………………………3 2-2 Plants Tolerance to Salinity ……………………………………..4 2- 3 Effect of salinity on plant…………………………………….....5 2 -3 -1 Growth inhabitation……………………………………….…5 2- 3- 2-Toxicity……………………………………………………....6 2- 3 -3 Water stress…………………………………………………...6 2-4 Saline Agriculture………………………………………………..7 V 2 - 5 Sudan system of salt soil ………………………………………..7 2- 6 sea water………………………………………………….…...….8 2 - 7 Use of saline water for irrigation…………………………….….9 2 - 8 The Irrigation management under saline conditions………..…...10 2-9The appropriate irrigation systems for use with saline water……..11 2-10 Leaching Requirements……………………………………….…13 2-11 Drainage……………………………………………………….…15 2-12 Magnitude and extent of salt-affected soils in the Sudan………...15 2-13 Acacia species……………………………………………………16 2-13-1 Acacia tortilis (Forsk) Hayne…………………………………..16 2-13-2 Acacia mellifera (vahl) Benth…………………………………..18 2-13-3 Acacia seyal Brenan…………………………………………….19 2-13-4 Acacia Senegal………………………………………………….21 2-13-5 Acacia nubica……………………………………………………22 2.14 Red Sea Environment………………………………………...........23 2.14.1 The area………………………………………………………….23 VI 2.14.2 Geomorphology…………………………………………………23 2.14.3 Ecosystem………………………………………………………23 2.14.4 Climate………………………………………………………….24 2.4.14.1 Wind…………………………………………………………..24 2.14.4.2 Temperature and rainfall……………………………………..24 2.14.5 Salinity………………………………………………………….25 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS…………….....26 3.1 Material…………………………………………………………...26 3-2 Method……………………………………………………………...27 3-2-1 laboratory germination test……………………………………….27 3-2-2The pot experiment……………………………………………….27 3-2-2-1 Data collection and parameter…………………………….…...28 3-2-2-2 Statistical Analysis…………………………………………….28 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………….29 4.1 Germination Test……………………………………………………29 4-1-1 Effect of salinity………………………………………………….29 4-2 The pot experiment…………………………………………………30 4-2-1 Effect of Treatments on Survival percentage of seedling: ………30 4-2-2 Effect of Treatments on Shoot length……………………………30 4-2-3 Effect of Treatments on root length……………………………..34 VII 4-2-4 Effect of Treatments on Diameter at root collar of seedlings……34 4-2-5 Effect of Treatments on Shoot /root ratio ………………………..34 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......44 REFERENCES………………………………………………….……....45 APPENDIXES………………………………………………………….52 VIII