........... k ............... BEAMED AND UNBEAMED X-RAY EMISSION IN FR1 RADIO GALAXIES NASA Grant NAG5-1882 Final Report For the Period 15 February 1992 through 30 September 1999 Principal Investigator Dr. Diana M. \¥orrall JanuaD'2000 Prepared for: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Smithsonian InStitution Astrophysical Observatory Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is a member of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics The grant funded a numberof ROSAT investigationsinto the soft-X-ray propertiesof radio-loudAGN. A full publication list is givenat the endof the report. TheresearchexploitedROSAT'ssensitivity,togetherwith itsspatial andspectralresolu- tion, to separateX-ray emissioncomponentsin the sources.Prior to ROSAT,the dominant X-ray emissionmechanismin radiogalaxiesasaclasswasunclear,with correlationsbetween the X-ray andradio emissionusedononehandto arguefor anuclearorigin for the X-rays, and on the other hand for a thermal origin. Our observations(normally between10 and 25ksin length) routinely detectedthetarget sources,anddemonstratedthat both resolved (thermal) andunresolvedX-ray emissionaretypically present. Highlights of our work includedtwo of the first detectionsof high-powerradio galaxies at high redshift, 3C 280 and 3C 220.1 (Worrall et al. 1994; Hardcastle, Lawrence & Wor- tall 1998). When combined with the work of two other groups, we find that of the 38 radio galaxies at z > 0.6 in the 3CRR sample, 12 were observed in ROSAT pointed observations and 9 were detected (see summary in Hardcastle _: Worrall 1999), with the four most sig- nificant detections exhibiting source extent, including 3C 280 and 3C 220.1. Moreover, we discovered extended emission around five 3CRR quasars at redshift greater than about 0.4, one of which is at z > 0.6 (Hardcastle &: Worrall 1999). Unification predicts that the X-ray environments of powerful radio galaxies and quasars should be similar, and our results show that powerful radio sources are finding some of the highest-redshift X-ray clusters known to date, pointing to deep gravitational potential wells early in the Universe. To study nearby, low-power (FRI), radio galaxies we turned primarily to the B2 radio galaxy sample. This sample of 50 radio galaxies is now the largest unbiased sample of exclu- sively low-power radio galaxies studied with sensitive pointed X-ray observations. 40 of the sources were observed in ROSAT pointings, half by us through the various announcements of opportunity as, taking into account sources observed by others, we defined sub-samples with increasingly broader selection criterion so that the largest possible and least biased subset would have been observed at any one time. Following the demise of ROSAT, a summary of the X-ray results for the B2 sample appears in Canosa et al. (1999), where the identification of a beamed radio-related component to the emission is stressed. (Similar results for sources from the 3CRR sample, from our observations and the analysis of archival data, appear in Hardcastle & Worrall 1999.) The nearby sources permit the most detailed analysis of the gaseous X-ray emitting at- mospheres, with particularly useful data for sources observed with the PSPC (Worrall and Birkinshaw 1994; Worrall et al. 1995; Hardcastle, Worrall & Birkinshaw 1998; Worrall & Birkinshaw 1999). As summarized in Worrall & Birkinshaw (1999), we find that X-ray emitting gas of group to cluster scale engulfs the radio structures, but the lack of correla- tion between radio-source size, and size or central density of the X-ray emitting medium, means that the gas has not had sufficient time to adjust to the presence of the radio source, and it must be small-scale processes, on size scales less than those of the overall gaseous environments, which are the major influence on radio-source dynamics and propagation. The PSPC-derivedluminositiesandtemperaturesof the environmentsofB2 radio galaxies lie closeto an extrapolation of the luminosity-temperaturecorrelation for more luminous optically-selectedclusters,implying the the presenceofthe radio galaxy doesnot affectthe gasfraction of theenvironment. Whereasthe gasdensitiesaroundlow-powerradiogalaxies aretypically too lowto suggestthe presenceof coolingflows,the pressuresarehigh enough to confinethe kpc-scaleradio structures. ROSAThasroutinely placedradio-galaxiesundertheX-ray microscopeforthe first time, but this workisonlythe steppingstonetowhatwill bepossiblewith Chandra, XMM, Astro- E and Constellation-X. Our research under this grant has formed the basis for a number of approved AO1 observing proposals with Chandra and XMM. Publications in refereed journals Worrall, D.M., Lawrence, C.R., Pearson, T.J. & Readhead, A.C.S. 1994, ApJ (Letters), 420, L17-L20. "Extended and Compact X-ray Emission in Powerful Radio Galaxies." Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1994, ApJ, 427, 134-139. "Multiple X-ray Emission Com- ponents in Low-Power Radio Galaxies." Brunner, H., Lamer, G., Worrall, D.M. & Staubert, R. 1994, A&A, 287, 436-453. "X-ray Spectra of a Complete Sample of Extragalactic Core-dominated Radio Sources." Worrall, D.M., Birkinshaw, M. & Cameron, R.A. 1995, ApJ, 449, 93-104. "The X-ray Environment of the Dumbbell Radio Galaxy NGC 326." Hardcastle, M.J., Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1998, MNRAS, 296, 1098-1104. "Dy- namics of the Radio Galaxy 3C 449." Hardcastle, M.J., Lawrence, C.R. & Worrall, D.M. 1998, ApJ, 504, 743-748 "Extended and Compact X-ray Emission from the Powerful Radio Galaxy 3C 220.1" Worrall, D.M., Birkinshaw, M., Remillard, R.A., Prestwich, A. Tucker, W.H. & Tananbaum, H. 1999, ApJ, 516, 163-176. "A Multiwavelength Study of the Extreme AGN J2310- 437" Hardcastle, M.J. & Worrall, D.M. 1999, MNRAS, 309, 969-990. "ROSAT X-ray Observa- tions of 3CRR radio sources." Canosa, C.M., Worrall, D.M., Hardcastle, M.J. & Birkinshaw, M. 1999, MNRAS, 310, 30-38. "X-ray Observations of Low-Power Radio Galaxies from the B2 Catalogue." Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1999, ApJ, 530, in press. "X-ray-emitting Atmospheres of B2 Radio Galaxies." Conference papers Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1994, Proceedings of IAU Symposium no. 159, "Multi- wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN", eds. T.J.-L. Courvoisier & A. Blecha, Kluwer, 385. "New X-ray Results on Radio Galaxies." Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1994, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems III, eds. D. Crabtree, R.J. Hanisch & J. Barnes, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Proceedings, vol. 61, 433-436. "Analysis Techniques for a Multiwavelength - Study of Radio Galaxies." Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1994, The Soft X-ray Cosmos, eds. E.M. Schlegel & R. Petre, AIP Conference Proceedings 313, 110-114. "Separation of X-ray Emission Com- ponents in Radio Galaxies." Worrall, D.M., Lawrence, C.R., Pearson, T.J. & Readhead, A.C.S. 1994, The Soft X-ray Cosmos, eds. E.M. Schlegel & R. Petre, AIP Conference Proceedings 313, 409-411. "X-ray Emission in Powerful Radio Galaxies and Quasars." Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1996, RSntgenstrahlung in the Universe, MPE Report 263, eds. H.U. Zimmermann, J.E. Triimper, & H. Yorke, 531-532. "ROSAT Results for Radio Galaxies." Birkinshaw, M. & Worrall, D.M. 1996, Energy Transport in Radio Galaxies and Quasars, eds. P.E. Hardee, A.H. Bridle & A. Zensus, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Proceedings, vol. 100, 335-340. "X-ray Properties of Radio Jets." Worrall, D.M. 1997, in Relativistic Jets in AGNs, eds. M. Ostrowski, M. Sikora, G. Madejski, M. Begelman; (Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow), 20-26 "X-ray Emission from Jets in Centrally Obscured AGN." Worrall, D.M. 1999, in Life Cycles of Radio Galaxies, ed. J Biretta et al., New Astronomy Reviews (Elsevier Science). "The Gaseous Environments of Radio Galaxies." Conference abstracts Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1993, BAAS, 25, 1431. "Multiple X-ray Emission Compo- nents in Radio Galaxies." Worrall, D.M., Birkinshaw, M. & Cameron, R.A. 1994, BAAS, 26, 957. "ROSAT Discovery of Asymmetrical Cluster Gas around the Radio Galaxy NGC 326." Worrall, D.M. & Birkinshaw, M. 1994, BAAS, 26, 1504. "Beamed and Unbeamed X-ray Emission in Radio Galaxies Selected from the B2 Radio Survey." Hardcastle, M.J. & Worrall, D.M. 1999, BAAS, 31, 696. "The radio- and cluster-related X-ray emission from 3CRR radio sources."