NASA-TM-112S36 THE EFFECT OF ENHANCED DIABATIC HEATING ON STRATOSPHERIC CIRCULATION by Mary M. Kleb A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Atmospheric and Space Sciences) in The University of Michigan 1997 Doctoral Committee: Professor S. Roland Drayson, Chairperson Professor William R. Kuhn Professor Joyce E. Penner Associate Professor Kenneth G. Powell William L. Grose, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center To Bill andZoefor keepingmesmiling. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES ............................... v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................... 1 II. MODEL STUDIES OF DIABATIC HEATING ANOMALY 7 III. MODEL DESCRIPTION ...................... 22 3.1 Dynamics ............................. 22 3.2 Radiation ............................. 27 3.3 Numerical Techniques ...................... 30 3.4 Model Modifications ....................... 31 3.4.1 Hydrogen Fluoride Initialization ........... 31 3.4.2 Diabatic Heating Perturbation ............ 43 3.5 Summary ............................. 48 IV. COMPARISON OF MODELED HYDROGEN FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION WITH OBSERVED HYDROGEN FLUO- RIDE DISTRIBUTION ....................... 50 4.1 Zonal Comparison ........................ 51 4.1.1 July. .......................... 51 4.1.2 January . ....................... 58 4.2 Vertical Profile Comparison ................... 64 4.2.1 duly. .......................... 64 4.2.2 January . ....................... 70 4.3 Conclusions ............................ 75 V. COMPARISON OF CONTROL AND PERTURBED MODEL SIMULATIONS -_ iii 5.1 Comparisonof Modeledand Actual Temperatureand Zonal Wind .............................. 77 5.2 ZonalMean............................ 80 5.2.1 Temperature ...................... 80 5.2.2 ZonalWind ...................... 81 5.2.3 Meridional Wind ................... 87 5.2.4 GeopotentialHeight .................. 88 5.3 ClimatologicalVariance ..................... 90 5.3.1 Temperature ...................... 93 5.3.2 ZonalWind ...................... 93 5.3.3 GeopotentialHeight................... 96 5.3.4 Variancein the RealAtmosphere .......... 96 5.4 TemporalEvolution ....................... 100 5.4.1 Temperature ...................... 100 5.4.2 ZonalWind ...................... 102 5.4.3 Meridional Wind ................... 105 5.4.4 GeopotentialHeight .................. 108 5.5 WaveVariance ........................ 110 5.5.1 Temperature ...................... 110 5.5.2 ZonalWind ...................... 113 5.5.3 MeridionalWind ................... 113 5.5.4 GeopotentialHeight .................. 121 5.6 Conclusions............................ 121 VI. COMPARISON OF MODEL RESULTS AND OBSERVA- TIONAL DATA ............................ 123 6.1 HydrogenFluoride ....................... 123 6.2 Temperature ........................... 136 6.3 Ozone............................... 141 6.4 Conclusions............................ 149 VII. SUMMARY ............................... 151 APPENDICES .................................. 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................ 160 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 HALOE hydrogen fluoride in ppbv versus ECMWF isentropic po- Krn 2 tential vorticity in _ at the 158 mb pressure level. The solid lines are polynomial fits to segments of the data ............... 34 3.2 Same as m Figure 3.1 but at the 108 mb pressure level ........ 34 3.3 Same as m Figure 3.1 but at the 68 mb pressure level ......... 35 3.4 Same as m Figure 3.1 but at the 46 mb pressure level ......... 35 3.5 Same as m Figure 3.1 but at the 29 mb pressure level ......... 36 3.6 Same as m Figure 3.1 but at the 19 mb pressure level ......... 36 3.7 Same as m Figure 3.1 but at the 13 mb pressure level ......... 37 3.8 Zonal mean hydrogen fluoride (ppbv) on model day July 6, two model days after model initialization .................. 40 3.9 Zonal mean hydrogen fluoride (ppbv) on model day June 15, almost one year after model initialization .................... 41 3.10 Corrected zonal mean hydrogen fluoride (ppbv) on model day June 15. almost one year after model initialization ............. 41 4.1 Sunrise HALOE hydrogen fluoride (HF) distribution, July 4 through August 20, 1994. Contour levels are in parts per billion bv volume (ppbv) ................................... 52 4.2 Summertime LaRC GCM HF distribution ............... 52 V 4.3 Fractional difference divided by 100 between HALOE and model HF distributions for the July-August time period. Dashed (neg- ative) contours indicate model values lower than HALOE values. solid (positive) contours indicate model values higher than HALOE values ................................... 53 4.4 Longitudinal variance in HALOE HF distribution for the time period July 4 through August 20, 1994 ..................... 55 4.5 Longitudinal variance in MODEL HF distribution for the time pe- riod July 4 through August 20..................... 55 4.6 \_rtical component of the diabatic circulation calculated from UKMO data for the time period July 4 through August 20, 1994 ....... 57 4.7 "_rtical component of the diabatic circulation calculated from model data for the time period July 4 through August 20.......... 57 4.8 Same as in Figure 4.1 except for the time period January 5 through February 22, 1994 ............................ 59 4.9 Same as in Figure 4.2 except for the January 5 - February 22 time period ................................... 59 4.10 Same as in Figure 4.3 except for the January 5 - February 22 time period ................................... 60 4.11 Longitudinal variance in HALOE HF distribution for the time period January 5 through February 22, 1994 .................. 61 4.12 Longitudinal variance in MODEL HF distribution for the time pe- riod January 5 through February 22.................. 61 4.13 \'ertical component of the diabatic circulation calculated from UKMO data for the time period January 5 through February 22, 1994. . . 62 4.14 \_rtical component of the diabatic circulation calculated from model data for the time period January 5 through February 22....... 62 vi 4.15 A comparison of July hydrogen fluoride (HF) data from HALOE and the LaRC GCM. The HALOE data is from 1993 (solid), 1994 (dot- ted), and 1995 (dashed), averaged over the days indicated and spans the region 41.4S to 45.9S. The horizontal lines indicate the stan- dard deviation of the unaveraged vertical profiles at those altitudes. Model data is at 43.3S .......................... 65 4.16 Same as m Figure 4.15 except HALOE data spans 27.3S to 35.9S and model data is at 32.1S ........................ 66 4.17 Same as m Figure 4.15 except HALOE data spans 5.2S to 7.7N and model data is at 4.2N .......................... 67 4.18 Same as m Figure 4.15 except HALOE data spans 9.7N to 22.0N and model data is at 18.1N ....................... 68 4.19 Same as in Figure 4.15 except HALOE data spans 29.5N to 38.9N and model data is at 34.9N ....................... 69 4.20 Same as in Figure 4.15 except HALOE data spans 52.1N to 58.0N and model data is at 54.4N ....................... 69 4.21 Same as in Figure 4.15 except in January, HALOE data spans 46.6N to 48.0N and model data is at 46.0N .................. 70 4.22 Same as m Figure 4.21 except HALOE data spans 29.7N to 37.6N and model data is at 32.1N ....................... 71 4.23 Same as m Figure 4.21 except HALOE data spans 7.2S to 7.1N and model data is at 1.4S ........................... 72 4.24 Same as m Figure 4.21 except HALOE data spans 24.7S to 12.5S and model data is at 18.1S ........................ 73 4.25 Same as in Figure 4.21 except HALOE data spans 39.2S to 29.3S and model data is at 34.9S ........................ 73 4.26 Same as m Figure 4.21 except HALOE data spans 57.5S to 51.3S and model data is at 54.4S ........................ 74 5.1 July average for the zonal mean temperature difference. Contour interval is 1 K............................... 80 5.2 October monthly average of temperature for the control case ..... 82 vii 5.3 Same as Figure 5.1 except for October ................. 82 5.4 December monthly average of temperature for the control case... 83 5.5 Same as Figure 5.1 except for December ................ 83 5.6 July average for the zonal mean zonal wind difference. Contour interval is 1 m/s ............................. 84 O.t October monthly average of zonal wind for the control case ..... 85 5.8 Same as Figure 5.6 except for October ................. 85 5.9 December monthly average of zonal wind for the control case .... 86 5.10 Same as Figure 5.6 except for December ................ 86 5.11 July average for the zonal mean geopotential height difference. Con- tour interval is 25 km .......................... 88 5.12 Same as Figure 5.11 except for October ................ 89 5.13 Same as Figure 5.11 except for December ............... 89 5.14 Climatological variance in ten consecutive October monthly means of zonally averaged temperature. Contour levels are 1, 10, and 100 K2..................................... 91 5.15 Perturbation variance for October monthly mean of zonally averaged perturbed temperature data. Contour levels are 1, 10, and 100 K2. . 91 5.16 Same as Figure 5.14 except for December ............... 92 5.17 Sanle as Figure 5.15 except for December ............... 92 5.18 Same as Figure 5.14 except for zonal wind. Contour levels are 1, 10, and 100 (m/s) 2.............................. 94 5.19 Same as Figure 5.15 except for zonal wind. Contour levels are 1, 10, and 100 (m/s)2 .............................. 94 5.20 Same as Figure 5.18 except for December ............... 95 viii