NARRATIVES OF MASS ATROCITY Individualscanassume–andbeassigned–multiplerolesthroughouta conflict: Perpetrators can be victims and, vice versa, heroes can be reassessedascomplicitandcompromised.However,acceptingthismore accuraterepresentationofthenarrativizedidentitiesofviolencepresentsa conundrumforaccountabilityandjusticemechanismspremisedonclear roles.Thisbookconsidersthesecomplex,sometimesoverlappingroles,as people respond to mass violence in various contexts, from international tribunals to NGO-based social movements. Bringing the literature on perpetrationinconversationwiththemorerecentfieldofvictimstudies, itsuggestsanew,moreeffective,andreflexiveapproachtoengagementin post-conflict contexts. Long-term positive peace requires understanding the narrative dynamics within and between groups, demonstrating that the blurring of victim–perpetrator boundaries, and acknowledging their overlappingroles,isacrucialpartofpeacebuildingprocesses.Thistitleis alsoavailableasOpenAccessonCambridgeCore.   is Associate Professor of Conflict Resolution in the JoanB.KrocSchoolofPeaceStudies attheUniversityofSanDiego,an instructor at the Foreign Service Institute, and a Fulbright Peace and Conflict Specialist. She is the co-editor of Introduction to Conflict Resolution: Discourses and Dynamics (2019) and the author of Last Train to Auschwitz: The French National Railways and the Journey to Accountability(2021).   is Distinguished James McGill Professor of Anthropology and Associate Member of the Faculty of Law at McGill University. He has researched an Islamic reform movement in West AfricaandjusticecampaignsinindigenouscommunitiesinCanadaand inavarietyofinternationalorganizations.Hehasheldvisitingpositions atÅboAkademi UniversityinFinlandand theWeatherheadCenterfor InternationalAffairsatHarvardUniversity.HismanybooksincludeThe Origins of Indigenism (2003), Truth and Indignation (2017), and #HumanRights(2020). NARRATIVES OF MASS ATROCITY Victims and Perpetrators in the Aftermath Edited by SARAH FEDERMAN UniversityofSanDiego RONALD NIEZEN McGillUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781009100298 DOI:10.1017/9781009110693 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2022 Thisworkisincopyright.Itissubjecttostatutoryexceptionsandtotheprovisionsofrelevant licensingagreements;withtheexceptionoftheCreativeCommonsversionthelinkforwhichis providedbelow,noreproductionofanypartofthisworkmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. 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Description:[NewYork]:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2022]|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2022007086(print)|LCCN2022007087(ebook)|ISBN9781009100298(paperback)| ISBN9781009114837(paperback)|ISBN9781009110693(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Massmurder.|Massacres.|Murdervictims’families.|Violence–Social aspects.|BISAC:LAW/International Classification:LCCHV6515.N372022(print)|LCCHV6515(ebook)|DDC364.152/34–dc23/eng/20220525 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022007086 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022007087 ISBN978-1-009-10029-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Contributors viii Preface xv List of Abbreviations xix Introduction: Narrative in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity 1      1 Guilt, Responsibility, and the Limits of Identity 34   2 Victim, Perpetrator, Hero: The French National Railways’ Idealized War Identities 52   3 Deconstructing the Complexities of Violence: Uganda and the Case against Dominic Ongwen 78       4 Rehabilitating Guerillas in Neo-Extractivist Guatemala 113    -  5 The Road to Recognition: Afro-Uruguayan Activism and the Struggle for Visibility 140   6 Justice in Translation: Uncle Meng and the Trials of the Foreign 170   v vi  7 Memory and Victimhood in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Legal, Political, and Social Realities 201   8 Imaging “Traitors”: The Raped Woman and Sexual Violence during the Bangladesh War of 1971 222   9 Open-Source Justice: Digital Archives and the Criminal State 247   10 Left Unsettled:Confessionsof Armed Revolutionaries 279  .  11 NegotiatingtheSymbolic:ASystematicApproachtoReconcile Symbolic Divides 305  .     12 Afterword 323   Index 335 FIGURES 6.1 BouMengandhiswifeblindfoldedbeforethegatesofS-21 173 6.2 PaintersandsculptorsintheS-21artisanworkshop 176 6.3 BouMengattendingtheSupremeCourtChamber’sfinaldecisioninCase 001,whenDuchwassentencedtolifeimprisonment,ECCCcourtroom, February3,2012 178 8.1 BirangonaFerdousyPriyobhashini 237 8.2 BirangonaChayaRaniDatta 240 8.3 BirangonaMorjinaKhatoon 241 vii CONTRIBUTORS   is a postdoctoral research and teaching fellow with the Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies at the University of Toronto, Canada. He holds a law degree from Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, and a master’s degree in law from the UniversityofManitoba,Canada.Heearnedhisdoctorateininternational criminal law from McGill University, Canada, where his thesis critically examined the theoretical foundations of victimhood in international criminal law. He previously worked as a visiting professional with the Office of the Prosecutor at the International Criminal Court where he provided subject matter expertise in the prosecution of Dominic Ongwen – a former child soldier – for seventy counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in northern Uganda. He has published mainly in the fields of international criminal law, Canadian criminal law, international peacekeeping, and human security.    is the Distinguished Professor of Transnational Justice and Sociolegal Studies at the University of Toronto at the Centre for Criminology and the Centre for Diaspora and Transnational Studies. For more than twenty years, Professor Clarke has conducted research on issues related to legal institutions, international legal domains, religious nationalism, and the politics of globalization and race. She has spent her career exploring theoretical questionsofcultureandpowerand,inthefieldoflawandanthropology, detailing the relationship between new transnational formations and contemporary problems. She is the author of nine books and more than fifty peer reviewed articles and book chapters, including her 2009 publi- cation of Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2009) and Affective Justice (Duke University Press, 2019), which won the finalist prize for the American Anthropological Association’s 2020 Elliot P. Skinner Book Award for the Association for viii