N A G O APOLEON GAINST REAT DDS This page intentionally left blank N A G O APOLEON GAINST REAT DDS The Emperor and the Defenders of France, 1814 Ralph Ashby Copyright2010byRalphAshby Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsinareview,withoutprior permissioninwritingfromthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ashby,Ralph. Napoleonagainstgreatodds:theemperorandthedefendersofFrance, 1814/RalphAshby. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-313-38190-4(acid-freepaper)—ISBN978-0-313-38191-1(ebook) 1.NapoleonicWars,1800–1815—Campaigns.2.WarsofLiberation,1813–1814. 3.NapoleonI,EmperoroftheFrench,1769–1821—Militaryleadership.4.France. Arm(cid:2)ee.GrandeArm(cid:2)ee—History.I.Title. DC236.75.A84 2010 940.207—dc22 2010003457 ISBN:978-0-313-38190-4 EISBN:978-0-313-38191-1 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook. Visitwww.abc-clio.comfordetails. Praeger AnImprintofABC-CLIO,LLC ABC-CLIO,LLC 130CremonaDrive,P.O.Box1911 SantaBarbara,California93116-1911 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Contents ListofAbbreviations vii ListofIllustrations ix Acknowledgments xi 1 The1814Campaign—IntroductionandControversy 1 2 PreludetoInvasion—FromMoscowtoParis 11 3 NapoleonCreatesaNewArmy—Again 21 4 Infantry 43 5 Cavalry 57 6 Artillery,Engineers,andOtherTroops 63 7 ImperialGuard 71 8 NationalGuard 79 9 Napoleon’sCampaignof1814 87 10 CiviliansandPartisans 123 11 TheBattlesofF(cid:3)ere-Champenoise 143 12 TheFallofParis 153 13 FrenchCasualtiesin1814—Desertion,Disease,andDeath 169 14 EpilogueandConclusions 177 Notes 193 SourcesandWorksCited 219 Index 225 v This page intentionally left blank List of Abbreviations CN Correspondance de Napol(cid:2)eonIer ML Correspondence between Napoleon andMarie-Louise SH Service Historique del’Arm(cid:2)eede Terre (MilitaryArchives at Vincennes) vii This page intentionally left blank List of Illustrations FIGURES 1.1 TsarAlexanderI 6 1.2 FieldMarshalBlu€cher 7 3.1 Napoleon,dictatingtohissecretaries 33 3.2 HenriClarke,MinisterofWar 37 4.1 Infantryadvancingunderheavyfire 46 4.2 Infantryrecruitsdrilling 49 5.1 Frenchchevau-le(cid:2)gerlancers 60 5.2 Russian‘‘Irregular’’Cavalry 62 6.1 Frenchdesertersarrested 68 7.1 OldGuardGrenadiers 72 7.2 YoungGuardInfantryintheattack 76 9.1 NapoleonattheBattleofBrienne 92 9.2 NapoleonattheBattleofMontereau 106 9.3 PrinceSchwarzenberg 118 9.4 Napoleoninbattle 121 10.1 SceneoftheFrenchCampaignof1814 131 11.1 MarshalMarmont 144 11.2 Pacthod’stroopsatF(cid:3)ere-Champenoise 149 12.1 EmpressMarie-Louise 156 12.2 Napoleon’sson,‘‘TheKingofRome’’ 157 12.3 DefenseoftheClichyGate 160 ix