Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials Sreerag Gopi Preetha Balakrishnan Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak   Editors Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials SeriesEditor VijayKumarThakur,SchoolofAerospace,TransportandManufacturing, CranfieldUniversity,Cranfield,UK Materialsareanindispensablepartofhumancivilizationsincetheinceptionoflife onearth.Withthepassageoftime,innumerablenewmaterialshavebeenexplored aswellasdevelopedandthesearchfornewinnovativematerialscontinuesbriskly. Keeping in mind the immense perspectives of various classes of materials, this seriesaimsatprovidingacomprehensivecollectionofworksacrossthebreadthof materials research at cutting-edge interface of materials science with physics, chemistry,biologyandengineering. This series covers a galaxy of materials ranging from natural materials to nanomaterials. Some of the topics include but not limited to: biological materials, biomimeticmaterials,ceramics,composites,coatings,functionalmaterials,glasses, inorganic materials, inorganic-organic hybrids, metals, membranes, magnetic materials, manufacturing of materials, nanomaterials, organic materials and pigments to name a few. The series provides most timely and comprehensive informationonadvancedsynthesis,processing,characterization,manufacturingand applicationsinabroadrangeofinterdisciplinaryfieldsinscience,engineeringand technology. This series accepts both authored and edited works, including textbooks, monographs,referenceworks,andprofessionalbooks.Thebooksinthisserieswill provideadeepinsightintothestate-of-artofMaterialsHorizonsandservestudents, academic, government and industrial scientists involved in all aspects of materials research. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16122 · · Sreerag Gopi Preetha Balakrishnan Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak Editors Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications Editors SreeragGopi PreethaBalakrishnan ADSONaturalsPrivateLimited ADSONaturalsPrivateLimited Bengaluru,India Bengaluru,India CuresupportBV CuresupportBV Deventer,TheNetherlands Deventer,TheNetherlands NabisabMujawarMubarak PetroleumandChemicalEngineering FacultyofEngineering UniversitiTeknologiBrunei BandarSeriBegawan,Brunei ISSN2524-5384 ISSN2524-5392 (electronic) MaterialsHorizons:FromNaturetoNanomaterials ISBN978-981-16-7482-2 ISBN978-981-16-7483-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7483-9 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 IntroductiontoBiomedicalApplicationsinNanotechnology ....... 1 S.Archana, DeviRadhika, K.YogeshKumar, S.B.BenakaPrasad,andR.DeepakKasai 2 LipidNanocarriers:ApplicationsinBiomedicalResearch andinDrugDelivery .......................................... 15 SujataMaurya, ManishKumarMishra, BrijeshRathi, andDhruvKumar 3 Nanoemulsions ................................................ 37 ShikhaIndoria,MadhuBala,andVickramjeetSingh 4 QuantumDotNanomaterialsastheAptasensingPlatforms ....... 61 AmirKhojastehnezhad,ZahraKhoshbin,MohammadRamezani, MonaAlibolandi,KhalilAbnous,andSeyedMohammadTaghdisi 5 Carbon Dots: Fundamental Concepts and Biomedical Applications .................................................. 83 SouraviBardhan,ShubhamRoy,andSukhenDas 6 LiposomalDeliverySystem .................................... 109 SarjanaRaikwar, PritishKumarPanda, PoojaDasBidla, ShivaniSaraf,AnkitJain,andSanjayK.Jain 7 ChitosanBasedNanocompositesforDrugDeliveryApplication .... 135 MalihePooresmaeilandHassanNamazi 8 TargetedDrugDeliveryofNanoparticles ........................ 203 HayretinTonbulandYılmazCapan 9 BiomedicalApplicationsofNano-Biosensor ...................... 219 MamtaBishnoi,Deepika,NishiMody,andAnkitJain v vi Contents 10 BiodegradableMaterialsforMedicinalApplications .............. 247 R.DeepakKasai,DeviRadhika,BhagyavanaS.Mudigoudra, RanvindraB.Chougale, S.Archana, K.YogeshKumar, S.B.BenakaPrasad,andKarthikKannan 11 PLGA-BasedNanomaterialsforCancerTherapy ................ 263 YakupGultekin,TamerTekin,MeryemKocas,YılmazCapan, andAdemSahin 12 CarbonNanotubesforBiomedicalApplications .................. 285 MafaldaR.Almeida,JoãoC.F.Nunes,RaquelO.Cristóvão, JoaquimL.Faria, AnaP.M.Tavares, CláudiaG.Silva, andMaraG.Freire 13 “BiomedicalApplicationsofPorphyrinNanohybrids” ............ 333 K.SimiPushpanandAjaleshB.Nair 14 Revealing Glycobiology by Quantum Dots Conjugated toLectinsor“Borono-Lectins” ................................. 351 WeslleyF.Oliveira,CamilaA.P.Monteiro,CássiaR.A.Cunha, CarinnaN.Lima, MarianaP.Cabrera, BeateS.Santos, LuanaC.B.B.Coelho, MariaT.S.Correia, PauloE.CabralFilho,andAdrianaFontes 15 NanotechnologyinVenomResearch:RecentTrendsandIts Application ................................................... 381 PushpendraSingh,ManishKumarTripathi,andDhruvKumar 16 IonogelsforBiomedicalApplications ............................ 391 BojanKopilovic, FranciscaA.eSilva, AugustoQ.Pedro, JoãoA.P.Coutinho,andMaraG.Freire 17 Composites in Hydrogel State with Nanostructured ComponentsforBiomedicalApplications ........................ 427 DenisA.Cabrera-Munguía, MartínCaldera-Villalobos, TirsoE.Flores-Guía, LucíaF.Cano-Salazar, andJesúsA.Claudio-Rizo 18 Nanotechnology and Its Applications: Insight into Bacteriological Interactions and Bacterial Gene Transfer ...................................................... 479 SabaYousaf, HiteshChopra, MuhammadArbazKhan, FaheemMustafa,MohammadAmjadKamal,andAtifAminBaig About the Editors Dr. Sreerag Gopi is a Chief Scientific Officer at CentreforInnovationsandTechnologies(CIT),ADSO Naturals Private Limited company, India. He also serves as Vice President (Research) at Curesupport HoldingB.V,Netherlands.Inresearch,Dr.Sreeraghas publishedmorethan50journalpapers,severalconfer- ence proceedings and authored 15 book chapters. He has more than 7 years of total experience in industrial and academic research in chemistry, material science including nanocomposites for drug delivery, environ- mental remediation and bioprinting. His area of inter- estsaresynthesisandfunctionalizationofnanoparticles frombiopolymers,applicationindrugdeliveryandlipo- somalencapsulations.Heisarecipientoftheprestigious ErasmusMundusfellowshipbyEuropeanUnionduring his Ph.D. period. Dr. Sreerag is a member of Royal Society of Chemistry, Member of Royal Australian Chemical Institute and Chartered Chemist at Royal chemical institute, Australia. He is a editor for several bookspublishedbyElseviersuchasHandbookofChitin andChitosan3volumesandseveralongoingprojectsin hishandwiththecollaborationofRSC,Springer,Apple AcademicPress,WileyandACS. vii viii AbouttheEditors Dr. Preetha Balakrishnan is the principal scien- tist, QA, QC ADSO naturals India and Curesupport Netherlands. She did her graduation in Chemistry from Calicut University Kerala India and postgradu- ation from Mahatma Gandhi University Kerala with Gold medal and first rank. She is a recipient of prestigious INSPIRE Fellowship from Government of India. She completed her Ph.D. in Chemistry from MahatmaGandhiUniversityundertheguidanceofprof. Thomas, vice-chancellor, a renowned scientist in this area.Sheisanoutstandingscientistwithsustainedinter- nationalacclaimsforhisworkinPolymerScienceand Engineering, Polymer Nanocomposites, Elastomers, Polymer Blends, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, PolymerMembranes,GreenCompositesandNanocom- posites,NanomedicineandGreenNanotechnology.She visitedmanyforeignuniversitiesasapartofherresearch activitiesandpublishedaround15researcharticles,20+ book chapters in peer reviewed international journals. Sheedited10bookswithleadingpublisherslikeElse- vier,Springer,Wiley,RSCacrosstheglobe.Dr.Preetha hasreceivedanumberofNational,internationalpresen- tationaward.Sheworkedasapost-doctoralresearcher in the research group of Prof. Thomas and did enor- mousworksinbiomaterialsfortissueengineering.She alsoworkedasaguestlecturerinChemistry,atDepart- mentofChemistry,MorningstarHomescienceCollege AngamalyKerala,India. Dr.NabisabMujawarMubarak ispresentlyworking asanAssociateProfessorinthePetroleumandChemical EngineeringDepartment,FacultyofEngineering,UTB. Hehas15yearsofworkingexperienceinacademicsand industry.Hisresearchinterestsincludeadvancedcarbon nanomaterials synthesis via microwave technology, graphene/CNT buckypaper for strain sensor applica- tion, biodiesel, biofuels, magnetic buckypaper, immo- bilisation of enzymes, protein purification, magnetic biochar production using microwaves, and wastewater treatment using advanced materials. He also serves as a scientific reviewer for numerous chemical engi- neering and nanotechnology journals. He is an edito- rial board member of Nature’s Scientific Report, the Journal of Environment and Biotechnology Research, ActaMaterialiaTurcica,andMaterials. AbouttheEditors ix He has secured many internal and external grants from the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) under its Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) as Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI) for several projects andBritishcounciltheUKrespectivelyandcompleted theprojectsmeetingtheirobjectives.Hehaspublished more than 210 journal papers, 30 conference proceed- ings, 30 book chapters, and 9 Malaysian patents to his credits. He has also attended numerous interna- tional conferences and has been invited to be a key speakeratmanynationalandinternationalconferences. HeistheonlyfacultyinCurtinUniversitywhoistwice the recipient of the Curtin Malaysia Most Productive Researcher Award (2020 and 2021). He also received numerous accolades for his research, including the Outstanding Faculty of Chemical Engineering Award (2018),BestScientificResearchAwardLondon(2018), and Outstanding Scientist in Publication and Citation awarded by i-Proclaim Malaysia (2017). He also has the distinction of being listed in the top two per cent of the world’s most influential scientists in the area of chemical and energy. The List of the Top 2% Scien- tists in the World compiled and published by Stan- ford University is based on their international scien- tific publications, a number of scientific citations for research,andparticipationinthereviewandeditingof scientificresearch.HeisalsoaFellowMemberofThe Institution of Engineers Australia, a Chartered Profes- sionalEngineer(CPEng)ofTheInstitutionofEngineers Australia,aCharteredChemicalEngineeroftheInstitute ofChemicalEngineering(IChemE),andaFellowofthe HigherEducationAcademy(FHEA),UK.Hepublished 3editedbooksandisaco-editorof5ongoingElsevier editedbooks:(1)SustainableNanotechnologyforEnvi- ronmental Remediation, (2) Nanomaterials for Carbon CaptureandConversionTechnique,(3)Advancednano- materials and nanocomposites for Bioelectrochemical Systems, (4) Green Mediated Synthesis-based Nano- materialsforPhotocatalysis.and(5)HybridNanotech- nologyforSustainableApplications.