7439tpCast.indd 1 7/21/09 2:29:13 PM July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk 7439tpCast.indd 2 7/21/09 2:29:13 PM A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience Published by Macmillan Publishers Ltd (trading as Nature Publishing Group) 4–6 Crinan Street London N1 9XW United Kingdom and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover Image: “Writing with electrons” copyright Hari Manoharan/Stanford University. NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals Copyright © 2010 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited and published by World Scientific Publishing Co. under licence. All rights reserved. ISBN-13978-981-4282-68-0 ISBN-10981-4282-68-5 Printed in Singapore. July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience v CONTENTS Editor’sIntroduction ix PeterRodgers Challenges andOpportunities forNanoscience andTechnology xi JamesR.Heath NANOMATERIALSANDNANOSTRUCTURES Progresstowardsmonodisperse single-walled carbonnanotubes 3 MarkC.Hersam Theriseofgraphene 11 A.K.Geim&K.S.Novoselov Multiferroics: progress andprospects inthinfilms 20 R.Ramesh&NicolaA.Spaldin Inorganic nanotubes andfullerene-like nanoparticles 29 R.Tenne Theroleofinterparticle andexternalforcesinnanoparticle assembly 38 YounjinMin,MustafaAkbulut,KaiKristiansen, YuvalGolan& JacobIsraelachvili Complexthermoelectric materials 50 G.JeffreySnyder&EricS.Toberer Solid-state nanopores 60 CeesDekker Engineering atomicandmolecular nanostructures atsurfaces 67 Johannes V.Barth,Giovanni Costantini&KlausKern MOLECULARMACHINESANDDEVICES Makingmolecularmachineswork 79 WesleyR.Browne&BenL.Feringa July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience vi Molecularlogicandcomputing 90 A.PrasannadeSilva&SeiichiUchiyama Harnessing biological motorstoengineer systemsfornanoscale transport andassembly 102 AnitaGoel&ViolaVogel DesignedDNAmolecules: principles andapplications ofmolecular nanotechnology 113 AnneCondon DNAnanomachines 124 Jonathan Bath&AndrewJ.Turberfield NANOELECTRONICS Nanoelectronics fromthebottomup 137 WeiLu&CharlesM.Lieber Theemergence ofspinelectronics indatastorage 147 ClaudeChappert, AlbertFert&Fre´de´ricNguyenVanDau Nanoionics-based resistiveswitchingmemories 158 RainerWaser&MasakazuAono Technology andmetrologyofnewelectronic materialsanddevices 166 EricM.Vogel Carbon-based electronics 174 PhaedonAvouris,ZhihongChen&VasiliPerebeinos Electrontransport inmolecularjunctions 185 N.J.Tao Molecularspintronics usingsingle-molecule magnets 194 LapoBogani&WolfgangWernsdorfer NANOPHOTONICS Lightintinyholes 205 C.Genet&T.W.Ebbesen Nano-optics fromsensingtowaveguiding 213 SurbhiLal,StephanLink&NaomiJ.Halas Semiconductor quantum lightsources 221 AndrewJ.Shields July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience vii Biomimeticsofphotonic nanostructures 230 AndrewR.Parker&HelenE.Townley NANOBIOTECHNOLOGYANDNANOMEDICINE Nanoparticle therapeutics: anemergingtreatmentmodalityforcancer 239 MarkE.Davis,Zhuo(Georgia)Chen&DongM.Shin Neuroscience nanotechnology: progress, opportunities andchallenges 251 GabrielA.Silva Thepotential andchallenges ofnanopore sequencing 261 DanielBrantonetal. Atomicforcemicroscopy asamultifunctional moleculartoolbox in nanobiotechnology 269 DanielJ.Mu¨ller&YvesF.Dufreˆne Immunological properties ofengineered nanomaterials 278 MarinaA.Dobrovolskaia &ScottE.McNeil Injectable nanocarriers forbiodetoxification 288 Jean-Christophe Leroux SELECTEDAPPLICATIONS Applications ofdip-pennanolithography 297 KhalidSalaita, YuhuangWang&ChadA.Mirkin Biosensing withplasmonic nanosensors 308 JeffreyN.Anker,W.PaigeHall,OlgaLyandres,NilamC.Shah, JingZhao&RichardP.VanDuyne Materialsforelectrochemical capacitors 320 PatriceSimon&YuryGogotsi Futurelab-on-a-chip technologies forinterrogating individual molecules 330 HaroldCraighead Scienceandtechnology forwaterpurification inthecomingdecades 337 MarkA.Shannon, PaulW.Bohn,Menachem Elimelech, JohnG.Georgiadis, BenitoJ.Marin˜as&AnneM.Mayes July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk July21,2009 9:49 WSPC—NANOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in Nanoscience ix EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION Review articles have an important role in science. New results are published in research journals, andthemostsignificant results areeventually included inmonographs, andsome even make it as far as the textbooks read by undergraduates. Review articles occupy the space between journals and monographs, surveying recent progress in a well-defined area ofresearch forthebenefitofthosealready inthefield,whilealsoacting asanintroduction forthose researchers whomightbethinking ofmovinginto anewfield, andforthosewho simplywanttolearnmoreaboutthesubject. Review articles are particularly important in areas that are new and/or fast-moving, whichincludes manyareas within nanoscience and technology. ThatiswhyNature Nano- technology, NatureMaterials andmanyotherjournals fromNaturePublishing Grouppub- lish review articles and progress articles (which are essentially short review articles). This bookbringstogether35reviewandprogressarticlesfromeightdifferentNaturejournalsto describe the state-of-the-art inmanyareas ofnanoscience and technology. Thesixchapter titlesgiveanindication ofthebroadrangeoftopicscovered: nanomaterials andnanostruc- tures; molecular machines and devices; nanoelectronics; nanophotonics; nanobiotechnol- ogyandnanomedicine; andselected applications. The research reported in these articles ranges from the most basic physics and chem- istry through to applications as diverse as plasmonic nanosensors and water purification. This spectrum of pure-to-applied research can often be seen in the same article: carbon nanotubes, for example, are fascinating test beds for exploring a variety of fundamen- tal physical phenomena in one dimension, while also displaying considerable potential as a structural, photonic and electronic material (see p. 174). And despite the fact that it is almost 20 years since Iijima’s breakthrough paper on nanotubes, researchers are still developing better ways to produce and process them (see p. 3). The other areas of nanoscience andtechnology coveredinthiscollection areequallyrichandcomplex. The articles are prefaced by a new essay by James Heath of the California Institute of Technology that looks at the challenges and opportunities facing researchers as they work to convert the promise and potential of nanoscience and technology into useful products and processes. Focusing on applications in energy and health, Heath outlines the funda- mentalchallenges associated witheachapplication anddiscusses hownanotechnology can beharnessed totacklethesechallenges. Oneimportantareathatisunderrepresentedinthiscollectionistheimpactofengineered nanomaterials on the environment and health. This does not reflect a lack of interest in this area: Nature Nanotechnology, for instance, has published research on the effects of exposing mice to carbon nanotubes,1,2 but it has not yet published any review articles on nanotoxicology, or the effects of nanoparticles on the environment, because these subjects have already been reviewed elsewhere (see, for example, Refs 3 and 4). However, the chapter on nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine covers a wide range of topics including nanoparticle therapeutics (p.239)andtheuseofnanopores tosequence DNA(p.261).