SPRINGER BRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE Abhijit Bandyopadhyay Tamalika Das Sabina Yeasmin Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Therapy - Recent Trends SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8898 Abhijit Bandyopadhyay · Tamalika Das Sabina Yeasmin Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Therapy - Recent Trends 1 3 Abhijit Bandyopadhyay Tamalika Das Sabina Yeasmin Department of Polymer Science and Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India ISSN 2191-5407 ISSN 2191-5415 (electronic) ISBN 978-81-322-2174-6 ISBN 978-81-322-2175-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2175-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953933 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2015 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) For our dear Ahona Foreword Over the past decade, researchers have extensively used various types of nanopar- ticles for the development of advanced therapeutic tools by exploiting the advan- tages that nanometer-size particles offer. This book covers recent developments on use of various types of nanoparticles in lung cancer therapy. The authors con- centrated on the interaction mechanism of nanoparticles with the human body and how we can avoid the toxic effect of nanoparticles by using the design rules found in nature. This book will be ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate students who are interested in this exciting field of research, because this book will guide them to develop functional nanoparticles to enhance therapeutic index of nanoparticles- based drug/gene/imaging probe delivery vehicles without causing damage to the human internal system. Prof. Suprakas Sinha Ray Chief Research Scientist and Director DST/CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre National Centre for Nano-structured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria South Africa vii Preface This book presents a detailed study on efficacious therapeutic values of various organic and inorganic nanoparticles on lung cancer diseases. In clinics, different surgical and non-surgical therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy, photo- dynamic therapy, and radiotherapy are employed in the treatment of lung cancer. However, most of the techniques lack the knowledge of differentiation between healthy and abnormal cells with concomitant loss of life. Even chemotherapeutic drug solubility is limited in the human bloodstream and hardly reaches the rigid and viscous zone of solid tumors. To overcome this problem after a decade of mul- tidisciplinary research, scientists have been able to synthesize target-specific natu- ral or synthetic nanoparticles to diagnose lung cancer. Due to its very small size and high invasive property they can invade tumor cells and perform multidiscipli- nary tasks ranging from prognosis of cancer, early detection of cancer cells, cellu- lar imaging, and localized drug delivery to treatment of cancer. So far, very limited research has been done in the development of nanoparticles, concentrated only on lung cancer diagnosis. One primary reason may be due to non-availability of bind- ing ligands on nanoparticles to target specifically to lung cancer cells. However, in the present decade with the development of ligands like aptamers, anisamide, anti EGF, and siRNA the problem of specific targeting has been circumvented and various nanoparticles have been tuned to enable lung cancer diagnosis at an early stage. Here we present how different lung cancer cells targeting antibody function- alized nanoparticles can cure the so difficult to treat lung cancer diseases easily at an early stage and offer a healthy prolonged life to affected people. This book will be a hope to young researchers developing modified nanoparticles in an attempt to open up newer and cheaper diagnosis tools for lung cancer patients; here, we have specifically elaborated suitable characteristic properties and mechanistic details of each of the diagnostic nanoparticles in the treatment process; a guidance to doc- tors who clinically try these newly developed techniques for faster and better treat- ment; and an information kit to patients and their families for better understanding of the nanotechnology-based lung cancer treatment processes so that more and more of them could welcome these new medical field without much fear. ix Acknowledgments Our deepest thanks: To all the scientists working day and night to develop novel techniques by club- bing already available treatments and nanotechnology in order to treat lung cancer at an early stage. Their extensive research and effort to commercialize a few of the formulations has motivated us to create awareness among the general public and among doctors to welcome new medical facilities based on nano-biotechnology. To the publisher, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. for giving us this wonderful oppor- tunity to share our knowledge with the entire world. To our lab members Dr. Tridib Bhunia, Mr. Arindam Giri, Mr. Abhijit Pal, Ms. Srijani Sengupta and Mr. Soumen Sardar for their constant inspiration in writ- ing this book. To our parents and beloved ones. xi Contents 1 Introduction ................................................ 1 1.1 Cancer ................................................. 1 1.2 Lung Cancer: Few Facts and Measures ....................... 4 1.3 Limitations of Conventional Treatments for Lung Cancer ......... 5 1.3.1 Surgery .......................................... 6 1.3.2 Chemotherapy .................................... 6 1.3.3 Radiation Therapy ................................. 8 1.3.4 Photodynamic Therapy .............................. 9 1.3.5 Treatment of Recurrence ............................ 9 1.3.6 Experimental Therapies ............................. 10 1.4 Nanotechnology—A New Promising Therapeutic Tool. . . . . . . . . . . 10 References .................................................. 15 2 Natural and Semisynthetic Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy ................................ 17 2.1 Virus (Capsid) Nanoparticles ............................... 17 2.2 Liposomes and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ..................... 19 2.3 Chitosan Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4 Polyherbal Nanoparticles .................................. 24 2.5 Other Natural Nanoparticles ................................ 24 References .................................................. 25 3 Synthetic (Organic) Nanoparticles Induced Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy ................................ 27 3.1 Polymer Nanoparticles (Synthetic) .......................... 27 3.1.1 Spherical Polymer Micelles .......................... 29 3.1.2 Worm Like Polymer Micelles ........................ 30 3.1.3 Polymersomes .................................... 30 3.2 Dendrimer .............................................. 31 3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles ..................................... 33 References .................................................. 35 xiii