Niraj K. Jha Deming Chen l Editors Nanoelectronic Circuit Design Editors NirajK.Jha DemingChen DepartmentofElectricalEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandComputer PrincetonUniversity Engineering NJ,USA UniversityofIllinoisat [email protected] Urbana-Champaign IL,USA [email protected] ISBN978-1-4419-7444-0 e-ISBN978-1-4419-7609-3 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-7609-3 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon #SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionof the publisher (SpringerScience+Business Media, LLC, 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScienceþBusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Afterenjoyingathree-decaderideasthetopsemiconductortechnologyforimple- mentingintegratedcircuits(ICs),theeraofsingle-gatecomplementarymetal-oxide semiconductors(CMOS)iscomingtoanend.Waitinginthewingsasreplacements are various interesting new nanotechnologies. In the past decade, a contender for replacingbulkCMOStechnologyhasbeendouble-gatefield-effecttransistortech- nology, most manufacturable of which are FinFETs. There are also other conten- ders, such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbons, resonant tunneling diodes, quantum cellular automata, etc. We may also soon see hybrid nano/CMOSdesignsinwhichthememoryhasbeenimplementedinanewtechnol- ogy,whiletheprocessingelementshavebeenimplementedinCMOS. Although these nanotechnologies have attracted significant attention over the lastdecade,theemphasisofinterest,asexpected,hasbeenmoreontheirphysics, chemistry,andfabricationaspects.However,interestingnewnanoelectroniccircuit designsarebeginningtoemergethatheraldanexcitingneweraofICdesign.These designsdealwithbothlogicaswellasinterconnect. Ouraiminthisbookistointroducereaderstotheemergingdesignparadigmsin various nanotechnologies, and to bridge the existing gap between nanodevice research and nanosystems design. The book focuses on state-of-the-art research activities, yet, at the same time, covers the fundamental principles behind the nanotechnology developments. The ultimate goal is to expose the great potential ofnanoelectronictechnologyandtheuniquechallengesitposesalongthedevice- to-systemspectrum.Arichsetofreferencesisincludedattheendofeachchapterto givepointerstoreaderswhowanttodigdeeper.Inaddition,someexercisesarealso includedineachchaptertoallowtheuseofthebookforafirst-yeargraduate-level courseonnanoelectroniccircuitdesign. The book is organized by grouping together chapters on each nanotechnology. Chapter1introducesvariousnanotechnologies.Chapters2and3dealwithFinFET logicandmemorydesign.Chapter4describesanano/CMOSdynamicallyreconfi- gurable architecture. Chapters 5–7 discuss nanowire-based ICs and architectures. Chapters8and9describehowreliablelogiccircuitsandfield-programmablegate v vi Preface arrayscanbebuiltusingnanotubes.Chapter10dealswithcircuitdesignbasedon graphenenanoribbontransistors.Chapter11comparescopper,nanotube,graphene, and optics for implementing interconnects on chips. Chapters 12 and 13 discuss circuit design with resonant tunneling diodes and quantum cellular automata, respectively. The chapters are fairly independent of each other. Thus, any subset canbechosenforaone-semestercourse. Last,butnottheleast,Nirajwouldliketothankhisfather,Dr.ChintamaniJha, his wife, Shubha, and his son, Ravi, for their encouragement and understanding. Demingwouldliketothankhiswife,Li,andhissons,JeffreyandAustin,fortheir loveandunderstanding. NirajK.Jha DemingChen Contents 1 IntroductiontoNanotechnology........................................... 1 DemingChenandNirajK.Jha 2 FinFETCircuitDesign.................................................... 23 PrateekMishra,AnishMuttreja,andNirajK.Jha 3 FinFETSRAMDesign ................................................... 55 RajivJoshi,KeunwooKim,andRouwaidaKanj 4 AHybridNano/CMOSDynamicallyReconfigurableSystem.......... 97 WeiZhang,NirajK.Jha,andLiShang 5 ReliableCircuitsDesignwithNanowireArrays....................... 153 M.HaykelBenJamaaandGiovanniDeMicheli 6 LeveragingEmergingTechnologyThroughArchitectural ExplorationfortheRoutingFabricofFutureFPGAs................ 189 SoumyaEachempati,AmanGayasen,N.Vijaykrishnan, andMaryJaneIrwin 7 NanoscaleApplication-SpecificIntegratedCircuits................... 215 CsabaAndrasMoritz,PritishNarayanan,andChiOnChui 8 Imperfection-ImmuneCarbonNanotubeVLSICircuits.............. 277 NishantPatil,AlbertLin,JieZhang,HaiWei,H.-S.PhilipWong, andSubhasishMitra 9 FPCNA:ACarbonNanotube-BasedProgrammable Architecture............................................................... 307 ChenDong,ScottChilstedt,andDemingChen vii viii Contents 10 GrapheneTransistorsandCircuits..................................... 349 KartikMohanramandXuebeiYang 11 StudyofPerformancesofLow-kCu,CNTs, andOpticalInterconnects ............................................... 377 Kyung-HoaeKooandKrishnaC.Saraswat 12 CircuitDesignwithResonantTunnelingDiodes....................... 409 PallavGupta 13 CircuitDesignwithQuantumCellularAutomata..................... 441 PallavGupta Index............................................................................ 479 Contributors CsabaAndrasMoritz DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering, UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,USA [email protected] DemingChen DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofIllinois atUrbana‐Champaign,IL,USA [email protected] ScottChilstedt DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofIllinois atUrbana‐Champaign,Urbana,IL,USA ChiOnChui DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,TheUniversityofCalifornia, LosAngeles,CA,USA GiovanniDeMicheli InstituteofElectricalEngineering,EPFL,Lausanne,Switzerland giovanni.demicheli@epfl.ch ChenDong DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofIllinois, atUrbana‐Champaign,IL,USA [email protected] SoumyaEachempati DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,ThePennsylvania StateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,USA AmanGayasen DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,ThePennsylvania StateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,USA ix x Contributors PallavGupta CoreCADTechnologies,IntelCorporation,Folsom,CA95630,USA [email protected] M.HaykelBenJamaa Commissariata` l’EnergieAtomique,DRT-LETI-DACLE-LISAN, GrenobleCedex,France NirajK.Jha DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,PrincetonUniversity,NJ,USA [email protected] RajivJoshi IBM,ThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,YorktownHeights,NY,USA [email protected] RouwaidaKanj IBMAustinResearchLaboratory,Austin,TX,USA KeunwooKim IBM,ThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,YorktownHeights,NY,USA Kyung-HoaeKoo DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA AlbertLin DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA PrateekMishra DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NJ,USA SubhasishMitra DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA [email protected] KartikMohanram ElectricalandComputerEngineering,RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA [email protected] AnishMuttreja nVidia,SantaClara,CA,USA PritishNarayanan DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering, UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,USA NishantPatil DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA [email protected] Contributors xi H.‐S.PhilipWong DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA KrishnaC.Saraswat DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA [email protected] LiShang DepartmentofElectrical,Computer,andEnergyEngineering, UniversityofColorado,Boulder,CO,USA N.Vijaykrishnan DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,ThePennsylvania StateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,USA [email protected] HaiWei DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA XuebeiYang DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,RiceUniversity, Houston,TX,USA JieZhang DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA WeiZhang SchoolofComputerEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore