Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy Applications of Nanobiomaterials Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy Applications of Nanobiomaterials Edited by Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO WilliamAndrewisanimprintofElsevier WilliamAndrewisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA Copyright©2016ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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ForInformationonallWilliamAndrewpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://www.elsevier.com/ TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India www.adi-mps.com List of contributors Sankalp Vinod Agarwal Medicinal Chemistry and PharmacologyDivision,CSIR—Indian Instituteof Chemical Technology,Hyderabad, India Ecaterina Andronescu Department ofScience and Engineering ofOxide Materialsand Nanomaterials, FacultyofAppliedChemistry and MaterialsScience, University Politehnicaof Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania FarnoushAsghari Department ofMycology,PasteurInstituteofIran,Tehran, Iran Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc Microbiology Immunology Department,Facultyof Biology,ResearchInstituteof the University ofBucharest, Life,Environmental and Earth SciencesDivision, University ofBucharest, Bucharest, Romania Lucas F. de Freitas Instituto de Qu´ımica de Sa˜o Carlos, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Carlos, Sa˜o Paulo,Brazil; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Marcus Vinicius Dias-Souza Microbiology Department, BiologicalSciences Institute,Universidade Federal de MinasGerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil Oana Mariana Fufa˘ Department ofScience and Engineering ofOxide Materialsand Nanomaterials, FacultyofAppliedChemistry and MaterialsScience, University Politehnicaof Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Lasers Department, National Institutefor Lasers, Plasma & RadiationPhysics, Bucharest, Romania Chityal Ganesh Kumar Medicinal Chemistry and PharmacologyDivision,CSIR—Indian Instituteof Chemical Technology,Hyderabad, India Randolph D.Glickman Department ofOphthalmology,University ofTexas Health Science Center,San Antonio,TX, USA xv xvi List of contributors Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu Department ofScience and EngineeringofOxideMaterials and Nanomaterials, Faculty ofApplied Chemistry and Materials Science,University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania;Department ofBiomaterials and Medical Devices, FacultyofMedical Engineering,University Politehnicaof Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Valentina Grumezescu Department ofScience and EngineeringofOxideMaterials and Nanomaterials, Faculty ofApplied Chemistry and Materials Science,University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania;LasersDepartment,NationalInstitute for Lasers, Plasma& Radiation Physics, Bucharest, Romania Sangiliyandi Gurunathan GS Instituteof BioandNanotechnology,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Michael R.Hamblin WellmanCenterfor Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department ofDermatology,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division ofHealthScience and Technology,Cambridge, MA, USA AlinaMariaHolban MicrobiologyImmunology Department, Faculty ofBiology, Research Instituteof the University of Bucharest, Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, University ofBucharest, Bucharest, Romania Mohammad Imani Department ofNovel Drug Delivery Systems,Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran Vladimir K. Ivanov KurnakovInstitute ofGeneral and Inorganic Chemistry,Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,Russia ZahraJahanshiri Department ofMycology,Pasteur Institute ofIran,Tehran, Iran SavitaJandaik Department ofBiotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, HimachalPradesh, India Jason Jeevanandam CurtinUniversity, Sarawak, Malaysia Dickson Kirui NavalMedical Research Unit San Antonio, JBSA-FortSam Houston, TX, USA List of contributors xvii Suthindhiran Krishnamurthy MarineBiotechnologyand Bioproducts Lab,School ofBiosciences and Technology,VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Ozcan Konur FacultyofEngineering and Natural Sciences, Department ofMaterials Engineering, Yildirim BeyazitUniversity,Kecioren,Ankara, Turkey Sanjeev Kumar Department ofPhysics, Goswamy Ganesh Dutta Satnam Dharma (GGDSD) College,Chandigarh, India Badal Kumar Mandal TraceElements SpeciationResearch Laboratory, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University,Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Jayasri Mangalam Achuthanandan MarineBiotechnologyand Bioproducts Lab,School ofBiosciences and Technology,VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India MashitahMat Don School ofChemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang,Malaysia Saher Maswadi Department ofOphthalmology,University ofTexas Health Science Center,San Antonio,TX, USA Nancy J. Millenbaugh NavalMedical Research Unit San Antonio,JBSA-Fort SamHouston, TX, USA SubhashiniMohanbaba GS Institute ofBio and Nanotechnology,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Chad A. Oian TASC Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA AlexandraElena Oprea Department ofScience and Engineering ofOxide Materialsand Nanomaterials, FacultyofAppliedChemistry and MaterialsScience, University Politehnicaof Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Sujitha Pombala Medicinal Chemistry and PharmacologyDivision,CSIR—Indian Instituteof Chemical Technology,Hyderabad, India Yedla Poornachandra Medicinal Chemistry and PharmacologyDivision,CSIR—Indian Instituteof Chemical Technology,Hyderabad, India xviii List of contributors RoxanaCristinaPopescu Department ofScience and EngineeringofOxideMaterials and Nanomaterials, Faculty ofApplied Chemistry and Materials Science,University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania;Department ofLife and Environmental Physics, “Horia Hulubei” National Insitute ofPhysicsand NuclearEngineering, Magurele, Romania MehdiRazzaghi-Abyaneh Department ofMycology,Pasteur Institute ofIran,Tehran, Iran Revathy Theerthagiri MarineBiotechnologyand Bioproducts Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology,VIT University,Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Juan Rodrı´guez-Herna´ndez Chemistry and Propertiesof PolymericMaterials Department, Institutode Ciencia yTecnologı´a de Polı´meros(ICTP),Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Cientı´ficas(CSIC),Madrid,Spain VeraLu´ciados Santos MicrobiologyDepartment,BiologicalSciences Institute,Universidade Federal de MinasGerais,Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil MasoomehShams-Ghahfarokhi Department ofMycology,Tarbiat Modares University,Tehran, Iran NehaSharma Department ofBiotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, HimachalPradesh, India Alexander B.Shcherbakov Zabolotny Instituteof Microbiology and Virology,NationalAcademy ofSciences of Ukraine,Kiev,Ukraine ThakurGurjeetSingh Department ofPharmacology and Pharmacy Practice,Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India Robert J. Thomas 711thHuman Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Branch, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA ChanYenSan CurtinUniversity, Sarawak, Malaysia Nadezhda M. Zholobak Zabolotny Instituteof Microbiology and Virology,NationalAcademy ofSciences of Ukraine,Kiev,Ukraine Preface of the series The era of nanosized materials is now considered the center of the evolution of future tools and emerging technologies with wide applications in industry, research, health, and beyond. Despite recent scientific progress, biological appli- cations of nanomaterials are far from being depleted and current knowledge is limited by the poor access to significant data, but also by widespread and usually unfounded speculation. Although exhaustive, the current literature is difficult to reach and understand because of the specificity and strict focuses of researchers investigating different applicationsof nanomaterials. Inthiscontext,thescientificseriesentitled“ApplicationsofNanobiomaterials” was motivated by the desire of the Editor, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu, and others to bring together comprehensive, up-to-date and relevant findings on the field of biological applications of nanostructured materials, to promote the knowl- edge and expand our vision regarding future perspectives. Even though the approached domain is quite specific and research-oriented, this multivolume set is easilyintelligible forawide audienceincluding:under-graduate andpost-graduate students, engineers, researchers, academic staff, pharmaceutical companies, bio- medicalsector,andindustrialbiotechnologies.However,somebasicknowledgeof thefield ofmaterials science(nanobiomaterials, pharmaceutical industry,products formedicinaltreatments,nanoarchitectonicsfordeliveryofbiologicalactivemole- cules and release, bone implants, and stomatology) and engineering is a requisite forunderstandingtechnicalaspects. The selected authors of each chapter are outstanding specialists in the field of nanobiomaterials, who have made impressive contributions in a specific area of research orapplied area within the scope ofthisbook. Each of the 11 volumes of the series contains 15 chapters, addressing the most relevantand recent matters on the field of the volume. The first volume, Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials, intro- duces the reader to the amazing field of nanostructured materials and offers inter- esting information regarding the fabrication and assembly of these nanosized structures. In Volume II, entitled Engineering of Nanobiomaterials, readers can easily findthemostcommonlyinvestigatedmethods andapproachesforobtaining tailored nanomaterials for a particular application, especially those with a great dealofsignificance inthebiomedicalfield.Inthefollowingstep,readerswilldis- cover the importance and the ways of modifying the surface of nanostructured materials to obtain bioactive materials, by reading Volume III, Surface Chemistry of Nanobiomaterials. Starting with Volume IV Nanobiomaterials in Hard Tissue Engineering and Volume V Nanobiomaterials in Soft Tissue Engineering the bio- medical applications of engineered nanomaterials are revealed and discussed, focusing on one of the most impacted fields, tissue engineering. Volume VI, Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy, highlights the potential of different xix xx Preface of the series nanostructured materials to be utilized in the development of novel efficient antimicrobial approaches to fight the global crisis of antibiotic inefficiency and emerging infectious diseases caused by resistant pathogens. Volume VII moves on to another key biomedical domain—cancer therapy. This volume, Nanobiomaterials in Cancer Therapy, describes current issues of cancer therapy and discusses the most relevant findings regarding the impact of nanobiomaterials in cancer management. Medical Imaging represents the focus of Volume VIII, while Volume IX deals with applications of Nanobiomaterials in Drug Delivery. Volume X, entitled Nanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics, referstotheperspectiveshighlightedbytheutilizationofnanosizedfunctionalbio- materials inthe development of improved drugs and active principles for different biomedical industries. Finally, Volume XI is dedicated to the impact of NanobiomaterialsinDentistry,which currently representsoneofthemostinvesti- gated and controversial domains related to the biomedical applications of nanos- tructuredmaterials. Due to their specific organization, each volume can be treated individually or as a part of this comprehensive series, which aims to bring a significant contribu- tion to the field of research and biomedical applications of nanosized engineered materials. EcaterinaAndronescu Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials andNanomaterials, FacultyofApplied Chemistry andMaterials Science, UniversityPolitehnica ofBucharest, Bucharest, Romania Preface ABOUT THE SERIES (VOLUMES I(cid:1)XI) The increased fabrication of nanosized materials with applications on the biomed- ical field by using biomimetic and bio-inspired processes and formulations, has recently led to a new concept, nanobiotechnology. This complex research brings together significant knowledge from physical, chemical, biological, and techno- logical sciences inan applicative field. Medical applications of nanobiomaterials range from the development of ade- quate scaffolds for tissue engineering to therapeutic nanostructures, such as tar- geted drug delivery systems. The purpose of this multivolume set entitled Applications of Nanobiomaterials is to offer a broad, updated, and interdisciplin- ary point of view regarding the application of these “materials of the future medi- cine,” starting with their fabrication, specific engineering and characterization and ending with the most investigated applications such as tissue engineering, antimi- crobial and cancer therapies, and also the development of different medical and cosmetic use products.These booksbring togetherthe workofoutstanding contri- butors who have significantly enhanced the basic knowledge and applicative con- cepts ofthisresearch field intheir respective disciplines. The multivolume set Applications of Nanobiomaterials contains 165 chapters, organized in 11 volumes to present a novel and up-to-date approach related to this intriguing domain. Each chapter was carefully composed and illustrated to highlight the relevance of nanobiomaterials on most biomedical fields, revealing the most recent applications on a specific domain. The whole set represents a great material for the academic community, starting with undergraduate and post- graduate students, researchers, engineers, and medical doctors, but also pharma- ceutical companiesand innovative biotechnologies. These 11 volumes cover all relevant aspects related to the Applications of Nanobiomaterials andas it follows: Volume I:Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials Volume II: Engineering of Nanobiomaterials Volume III: SurfaceChemistry of Nanobiomaterials Volume IV: Nanobiomaterials inHard Tissue Engineering Volume V: Nanobiomaterialsin Soft Tissue Engineering Volume VI: Nanobiomaterials inAntimicrobialTherapy Volume VII: Nanobiomaterials inCancerTherapy Volume VIII: Nanobiomaterials inMedical Imaging Volume IX: Nanobiomaterials inDrug Delivery Volume X: Nanobiomaterialsin Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics Volume XI: Nanobiomaterials inDentistry xxi