THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART EGYPTIAN EXPEDITION THE MONASTERIES OF 1\ THE WADI 'N NA TRUN PART I NEW COPTIC TEXTS FROM THE MONASTERY OF SAINT MACARIUS EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON THE LIBRARY AT THE MONASTERY OF SAINT MACARIUS BY HUGH G. EVELYN WHITE WITH AN APPENDIX ON A COPTO-ARABIC MS. BY G. P. G. SOBHY NEW YORK MCMXXVI Reprinted by Arno Press • 1973 the Virgin (No. VIII I, recto). PREFACE T HE nucleus of the texts here published or described comprises a selection of the more important of the leaves and fragments found by me at the Monastery of Saint Macarius in the Wadi 'n Natrun in the course of archaeological investigations carried out in 1920-1921 on behalfof the Egyptian ExpeditionofTheMetropolitanMuseum of Art. With these are grouped a number of other leaves and fragments, once belonging to the same MSS., which were recovered by Tattam in 1839 and Tischendorf in 1844. Fragments of texts already published or known to be extant in complete MSS. are merely described (with a collation wherever possible), unless their divergence from the recensions already known seems to justify publication in full. Owingto theshortness ofthe timeduring which I was permitted to retain the MSS., I have been able to deal with only a few of the liturgical groups.I My first care has been to secure transcripts as accurate as possible, but owing to the condition of the originals, torn, rubbed, faded and otherwise maltreated as they are, many passages must remain unintelligible: such passages, though obviously faulty, are printed as I copied them. Had I been able to retain the fragments longer, repeated examination would have removed some at least of these defects. The large and frequent lacunae have been filled in as far as possible: where they can be improved upon, Coptic schofars will doubtless replace these stop-gaps by other and sounder restorations. That they may be able to judge the length of the lacunae, the originals have been reproduced page by page, andlinebyline.2 I havedepartedfrom this ruleonly in twoorthreeofthemorelengthy texts where lacunae are infrequent and where the lines of the original are too short to be repro duced without undue loss of space. For the rest, all features of the original-punctuation, diacritical marks, etc.-are reproduced (where visible) so far as modern type allows. The words have been divided throughout, not on any scientific system, but into their simplest elements. 1 I have not attempted to deal with the fragments ofthe numerous copiesof the Theotokia: the newmaterial has been utilized byDr. DeLacyO'Leary in his Coptic Theotokia (London, 1923). 2 ThenatureoftheCopticscript callsfor relatively shortlines,whichwereprobably adoptedforthat very reason bythe ancient scribes. Thelonglinesofmany modern editions arehard to follow and are wearisome to the eye. VB PREFACE The order of the texts themselves is determined by their contents. The Apocryphal Fragments (I-VIII), arranged in sequence, are followed by Hagiographical Texts, where, after material relating to the Archangels, Elias and others, the Diocletianic Martyrs naturally take precedence of the fourth and fifth century worthies (IX-XXXII). After two miscellaneous items (XXXIII et seq.) come a series of Homiletic and Ascetic Fragments (XXXV et seq.). The Biblical Fragments (XXXVII), which seemed to deserve no higher place, followed by the text of two Greek Anaphoras and by the remains of certain Coptic liturgical books, are treated, for the most part, summarily (XXXVIII). The series is con cluded with a rough list of vocabulary fragments (XXXIX). Appendix I contains the text of a number of leaves from an Arabic text inscribed in Coptic characters: these have been transliterated into ordinary Arabic script by Dr. G. P. G. Sobhy, who has also commented on the pronunciation of medieval Coptic as illustrated by these fragments. In Appendix II I have gathered up what information I could find relating to the Libraries of the Minor Coptic Monasteries: the Library at the Syrian Monastery is studied at length elsewhere.! The whereabouts of each fragment (Cairo, Leipzig, Manchester, or Cambridge) is of course indicated in every case. An IntroductoryNotedescribing thefragments includedand dealingwith the subject-matter has been prefixed to eachgroup; additional notes (following the Text and Translation) have been found necessary in only a few cases. Since I lay no claim toCopticscholarship, I have not attempted todeal with matters of grammarorlexico graphy,though Ihavetried toemend (always noting thereadingoftheoriginal) whatseemed to be sheer blunders in the texts. The aim of this publication is to make theTexts accessible to the ordinary student,of Egyptian Christianity as well as to Coptic scholars, and it is for the former, of course, that the Translations are intended. I am most deeply indebted first to S. E. Marcos Pasha Simaika, Director of the Coptic Museum in "Old Cairo," for the very great trouble he took in 1920-1921 to facilitate my work in the Monastery, as well'as for permission granted me to publish the new-found fragments; and secondly to the Very Rev. EI Kummus Maximus, Abbot of Der Abu Makar, for his liberal and enlightened action in allowing me to remove the fragments from his Monastery to the Coptic Museum in Cairo. My cordial thanks are also due to the authorities of the University Library at Leipzig for permission to publish so many of the Tischendorf-Ieaves, and to Dr. Georg Steindorff, who most kindly secured for me that per mission as well as photographs of all the leaves which I wished to copy. The Librarians of the University ofCambridge and of the John Rylands Library at Manchester have also been good enough to allow me to make full use of the Coptic fragments, derived from the Tischendorf and Tattam collections, under their charge. To W. E. Crum lowe a peculiar debt of gratitude, first because it was at his suggestion I H.N.S., Excursus. Vlll PREFACE that I undertook the editing of these texts, and secondly for his never-failing help and guidance whenever I have applied to him. Wherever in this edition I have erred, it is because the particular point or passage has not been submitted to Crum. Dr. George Sobhy ofCairo has not only helped me with information on certain topographical points, but has consented to edit and translate the curious Copto-Arabic fragments published as an Appendix. To Dr. De Lacy O'Leary I am deeply indebted for consenting to revise and correct the proof-sheets of the same Appendix. Finally-but very specially-my thanks are due to those who have made the publication of this work practically possible-to Edward S. H?-rkness for his signal and splendid generosity in undertaking the entire cost of production, and to Albert M. Lythgoe and H. E. Winlock for the unfailing support and encouragement they have afforded me during the preparation of this work as on numberless other occasions. HUGH G. EVELYN WHITE. IX HUGH G. EVELYN WHITE T HE untimelydeath of Evelyn White in the summer of 1924, while this volume-the . first of several recording his brilliant researches into the history of the Monasteries of the Wadi 'n Natrun-was yet in the press, has left to his associates the willing responsibility of c;:lrrying through, to the conclusion which he had planned, these results of his broad scholarship. White's studyof these monuments, which had played so important a part in the history of the Early-Christian church in Egypt, took definite form in the autumn of 1917, when, incapacitated for further service with the British forces in Egypt by a general breakdown in health, he was able to undertake again the less exacting sides of the work of the Museum's Expedition, of which he had been a member from 1909 till 1915. The earlier years of his connection with the Expedition had been spent at Khargeh Oasis and at Thebes. From 1909 to 1911 he assisted Winlock in the excavations which that branch of our Expedition had undertaken at the Temple of Hibis, in the Oasis, and copied the Greek decrees in the temple for eventual publication. At the same time he explored this northern end of the oasi~ for Greek inscriptions, devoting himself especially to the cataloguing of those in the Christian cemetery of EI Bagawat. In 1911-13 he was associated with Winlock in the Museum's excavations at Thebes at the Palace of Amenhotep III and in the Assasif-and in 1913-14, in the investigation of the Monastery of Epiphanius and neighboring Early-Christian sites in the Theban necropolis. With the outbreakof the war in 1914and his inability to secure admission to the British army in that first winterof the struggle, he returned to Thebes and, with the Expedition's programmes completely disrupted by the cataclysm, he made possible the resumption of ourexcavations and through the spring of 1915 superintended alone the clearing of a con siderable additional area at the Palace of Amenhotep. In the autumn of 1915, after persistent efforts he secured a commission in the British army and was eventually assigned to the force which was' then engaged in throwing a HUGH G. EVELYN WHITE railway across the Isthmus of Suez and advancing into Palestine. There his health, always precarious, finally broke down and in 1917 he was invalided out of the army with no hope of further entry. Later in that year it proved possible for us to ask him to undertake a task, in preparation for which certain preliminary work had been carried out in 1910-11 by our Expedition astudy ofthe architectureand historyofthe Monasteries oftheWadi 'nNatdin. Beginning with the study of the history of the monasteries from literary sources, which included the investigation oforiginal documents preserved in as many as four languages, he pursued his task unremittingly at Cambridge from 1917 to 1919, constantly expressing to us his grati tudefor thefacilities so readily afforded him by the authorities of the Library ofCambridge University and for the help ofseveral British scholars whose aid he sought at times in their respective fields. With this labor approaching completion, he returned to Egypt in the winter of 1919-20 and journeyed to the monasteries, spending some time there with the monks and con ducting a careful study of the architectural and archaeological evidence exhibited by the structures. In the following winter of 1920-21 he made two further visits to the Wadi 'n Natrun, on the first ofwhich he was accompanied by two other members ofour Expedition staff, Messrs Hauser and Burton, who cooperated with him in the completion of the exhaustive architectural survey and photographic record of the monasteries, on which the Expedition had previously worked in 1910-11. In two comprehensive reports which White made to the Museum in those yearsl he outlines the main results of his researches and of his investigation of the monasteries during these visits-which were destined to be the last he would make to the Wadi 'n Natrun and describes his discovery of the important documents which form the subject of the present volume. Nothing could illustrate more clearly some of the outstanding qualities in White's character than the record ofaccomplishment to which those reports bear witness -his whole-hearted interest and persistence in pressing an investigation; his thoroughness in whatever problem or task might be entrusted to him; and his invariable modestycon cerning any such achievement which his untiring application and sound methods of work had produced. White's larger labor on the history and the architecture of these monasteries had been so far concluded at the time of his death that his manuscript, to be published in two volumes, was in the process of revision preliminary to entering the press. While the work of revision which still remains to be done is a heavy one, owing to the scope and thorough ness of his investigation and the resultant mass of evidence which that labor yielded, it is our hope that the publication of the volumes ma.y not be unduly delayed. Provision for 1 Cf. MMA. Bulletin, ]uly, 1920, Part II andNovember, 1921, Part II. HUGH G. EVELYN WHITE their publication, together with the present volume, had generously been made in 1922 by Mr. Edward S. Harkness, Chairman of the Committee on Egyptian Art. The Museum is under a special debt of gratitude to W. E. Crum, who had given helpful advice and assistance to White in various matters relating to the Expedition's publications inwhich theywere associated, and who later undertook to see thefinal pages of this volume through the press after White's death. We also wish to express our grateful appreciation to M. H. Davis for generous help in preparing for us the Index ofCoptic words. ALBERT M. LYTHGOE. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE • Vll HUGH G. EVELYN WHITE: A NOTE BY A. M. LYTHGOE TABLE OF CONTENTS Xl LIST OF PLATES XV BIBLIOGRAPHY XVll SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS XIX ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA • XX INTRODUCTION. The Library at the Monastery of Saint Macarius and the new Manuscript Fragments XXI TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS I. Apocryphal Fragment on Adam 3 II. Acrostic Hymn on the Nativity 7 III. Fragmentfrom an Apocryphal Gospel 9 IV. The Descent into Amenti I I V. Fragments of an Apocalyptic Gospel 16 VI. The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 27 A. The Travels of SaintJohn . 28 B. The Death of SaintJohn 35 C. The Preaching of Philip and Peter 38 D. The Martyrdom of Philip 40 E. The Preaching of Bartholomew in the City of the Oasis. 43 F. The Martyrdom of Matthias 45 G. The Martyrdom of Mark 46 H. The Martyrdom of Luke 47 Xl CONTENTS PAGE VII. The Mysteries of Saint John VII1. Texts relating to the Virgin 51 A. A Ltfe of the Virgin 51 B. SAINTS PETER AND JOHN, The Death and Assumption of the Virgin 54 C. EVODIUS OF ROME, On the Death of the Virgin 59 D. THEODOSIUS, The Death and Assumption of the Virgin 60 E. An Encomium on the Virgin 62 IX. THEODOSIUS, Encomium on the Archangel Michael 66 X. Encomium on the Archangel Gabriel XI. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, Encomium on the Prophet Elias XII. Encomium on the Three Children 73 XIII. Miracles of Saint George 73 XIV. The Martyrdom ofJames the Persian 75 XV. The Martyrdom of Theodore the Stratelates 75 XVI. The Martyrdom ofJustus the Stratelates 79 XVII. SERGIUS, The Martyrdom of Apa Apoli 87 XVIII. The Martyrdom of Thomas of Shentalet 94 XIX. The Martyrdom of Astratole 102 XX. The Martyrdoms of Apa Kradjon and Apa Amoun 104 XXI. The Martyrdom of Paesi and Thekla 113 XXII. The Martyrdom of Peter of Alexandria 119 XXIII. Texts Relating to Saint Macarius . 120 A. Four Odes on Saint Macarius 120 B. Macarius and the Hieracite . 124 C. AGATHOS THE PRIEST, The Vision of Benjamin, or The Con- secration of the Church of Saint Macarius 127 D. The Translation of Saint Macarius 131 E. Fragments of Published Texts on Saint Macarius 135 XXIV. Odes to Saints of Scetis 135 XXV. Abba Apollo. XlI