MYOCARDIAL ENERGY METABOLISM MYOCARDIAL ENERGY METABOLISM edited by JAN WILLEM DE JONG Cardiochemical Laboratory, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands 1988 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LANCASTER Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Myocardial energy metabolism. (Developments in cardiovascular medicine) Includes index. 1. Heart--Muscle--Metabolism. 2. Energy metabolism. I. Jong, Jan Willem de, 1942- II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Energy Metabolism. 2. Myocardium--metabolism. W1 DE997VME / WG 280 M9962] QPl14.M48M96 1988 612'.17 88-19564 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7087-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1319-6 DOl: 10.1 007/978-94-009-1319-6 Published by Martinus Nijhofflpublishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 A1\ Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. All Rights Reserved © 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical l including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner For Lieneke MYOCARDIAL ENERGY METABOLISM offers a scientific survey of the biochemistry of the heart, with an emphasis on the energy aspects. This approach may be looked upon as complementary to the classical haemodynamic view of the heart. Sections on Basic mechanisms, Models and techniques, and on Clinical implications make this book a worthwhile acquisition for cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, basic scientists in cardiovascular physiology, as well as for students with a more than average 'heart' for the organ. Not all basic questions with regard to formation, breakdown and usage of energy (ATP) in the heart have been asked or answered, but invited experts from the fields of cardiac biochemistry, (electro )physiology, pharmacology, anesthesiology and clinical cardiological research have extensively covered the subject from their points of view. Furthermore, MYOCARDIAL ENERGY METABOLISM shows how basic scientific knowledge may be integrated into cardiological practice. Especially the potential that new techmques like NMR and PET- scanning offer to the cardiologist of the near future becomes clear when the heart is studied with regard to its energy metabolism. I wish to thank the authors for their effort. I am especially grateful to Peter Achterberg for helpful discussion and contribution. Rotterdam, April 1988 Jan Willem de Jong Table of Contents LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi BASIC MECHANISMS 1. ATP-metabolism in normoxic and ischemic heart. J.W. de Jong & P.W. Achterberg 3 2. Development of myocardial energy metabolism. P.W. Achterberg 9 3. Principles of fuel metabolism in heart muscle. H. Taegtmeyer 17 4. Carnitine and cardiac energy supply. R.Ferrari 35 5. Adenine nucleotides, purine metabolism and myocardial function. P.W. Achterberg 45 6. On the role of myocardial AMP-deaminase. AC. Skladanowski 53 7. Redox manipulation of free cardiac adenylates and purine nucleoside release. R Bunger, RT. Mallet & D.A Hartman 67 8. Regulation of myocardial perfusion by purine metabolites. RA Olsson 83 9. Cardiac electrophysiological effects of adenosine. L. Belardinelli & G.A West 93 10. Acceleration of adenine nucleotide biosynthesis after ischemic insult. H.-G. Zimmer 105 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS/MODELS 11. The importance of the determination of ATP and catabolites. E. Hart".sen & A-M.L. Seymour 117 12. Cardiac energy metabolism probed with nuclear magnetic resonance. CJ.A van Echteld 127 13. Positron emission tomography and myocardial biochemistry. W. Wyns & J.A Melin 145 x Table of Contents 14. Energy metabolism and transport in neonatal heart cells in culture. A Pinson & T. Huizer 155 15. Energy metabolism of adult cardiomyocytes. H.M. Piper, B. Siegmund & R Spahr 171 16. Ischemia, high-energy phosphate metabolism and sarcomere dynamics in myocardium. H.E.OJ. ter Keurs, JJJ. Bucx, E. Harmsen, P.P. de Tombe & W J. Leijendekker 181 17. Myocardial function and metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion in anesthetized pi~s. P.O. Verdouw, WJ. van der Glessen & J.MJ. Lamers 195 18. The energetics of WstunnedWm yocardium. W. Schaper & B.R Ito 203 19. Energy depletion due to the calcium paradox. T J.C. Ruigrok, J.H. Kirkels & CJ.A van Echteld 215 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 20. Human purine metabolism. O. Sperling 225 21. Diagnosis of ischemic heart disease with AMP·catabolites. J.W. de Jong 237 22. Myocardial high-energy phosphates during open.heart surgery. GJ. van der Vusse & F.H. van der Veen 245 23. Apparent inosine incorporation and concomitant haemodynamic improvement in human heart. W. Czarnecki 257 24. Cardioplegia and calcium entry blockade. J.W.deJong 265 25. The effect of anesthetics on myocardial adenine nucleotides. RG. Merin 26. Regeneration of adenine nucleotides in the heart. P. van der Meer & J.W. de Jong 283 INDEX 291 List of Contributors Achterberg, Peter W., Cardiochemical Laboratory, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Belardinelli, Luiz, De'partments of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Physiology, Medical Center, Umversity of Virginia, P.O. Box 456, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, U.S.A Presently' at: Department of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box J-277, lliMHC, GainesvIlle, Florida 36210, U.S.A Bua, Jeroen J.J., Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Cal~ary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Presently at: Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Umversity Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Bunger, Rolf, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, U.S.A Czarnecki, Wlodzimierz, IT Department of Cardiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Grochowski Hospltal, Grenadierow 51/59, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland Presently at: Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary School of Medicme, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada De Jong, Jan Willem, Cardiochemical Laboratory, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands De Tombe, Peter P., Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Ferrari, Roberto, Chair of Cardiology, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy Harmsen, Eef, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K. Presently at: Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary School of Medicme, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Hartman, David A., Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, U.S.A xi xii List of Contributors Huizer, Tom, Cardiochemical Laboratory, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Ito, Bruce R., Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute, Benekestrasse 2, D- 6350 Bad Nauheim, F.RG. Presently at: University of California San Diego, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A Kirkels, Johan H., Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, c/o University Hospital, Catharijnesingel101, 3511 GV Utrecht, The Netherlands Lamers, Jos MJ., Department of Biochemistry I, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Leijendekker, Willem J., Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Mallet, Robert T., Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, U.S.A Melin, Jaques A., Positron Emission Tomography Laboratory, University of Louvain Medical School, Avenue Hippocrate 55, P.O. Box 5550, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium Merin, Robert G., Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Rm 5.020, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A Olsson, Ray A., Suncoast Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Dows Boulevard., Tampa, Florida 33612, U.S.A Pinson, Ari~ Laboratory for Myocardial Research, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 1172, 91010 Jerusalem, Israel Piper, H. Michael, Physiologisches Institut I, UniversiHit Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-4000 Dusseldorf 1, F.RG. Ruigrok, Tom J.e., Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Catharijnesingel 101, 3511 GV Utrecht, The Netherlands Schaper, Wolfgang, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute, Benekestrasse 2, D- 6350 Bad Nauheim, F.RG. List of Contributors xiii Seymour, Anne-Marie L., Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K Siegmund, Berthold, Physiologisches Institut I, UniversiHit Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-4000 Dusseldorf 1, F.R.G. Skladanowski, Andrzej C., Department of Biochemistry, Medical School Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland Presently at: Department of Cardiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, U.K Spahr, Rolf, Physiologisches Institut I, Universitat Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-4000 Dusseldorf 1, F.R.G. Sperling, Oded, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Beilinson Medical Center, 49100 Petah-Tikva, Israel; and Department of Chemical Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel Tae~meyer, Heinrich, DiVIsion of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB 1.246, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A Ter Keurs, Henk E.DJ"., Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Van der Giessen, Willem J., Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Van der Meer, Peter, Cardiochemical Laboratory, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Van der Veen, Frits H., Department of Physiology, University of limburg, P.O. Box 616,6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Van der Vusse, Ger J., Department of Physiology, University of limburg, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Van Echteld, Cees J.A., Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Catherijnesingel 101, 3511 GV Utrecht, The Netherlands Verdouw, Pieter D., Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands West, G. Alexander, De{>artments of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Physiology, Medical Center, Umversity of Virginia, P.O. Box 456, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, U.S.A