M F B Y IRST RITANNICA Folklore and Religions 5 CHICAGO LONDON NEW DELHI PARIS SEOUL SYDNEY TAIPEI TOKYO © 2008 by Encyclopædia Britannica,Inc. International Standard Book Number:978-1-59339-476-9 (set) No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. My First Britannica: Volume 5:Folklore and Religions 2008 Britannica.com may be accessed on the Internet at http://www.britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica,Britannica,and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica,Inc. Folklore and Religions TABLE OF CONTENTS I Middle Eastern Origins NTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Stories the World Tells Zoroastrianism:Eternal Battle of Good and Evil . . . . . . . 48 Judaism:Religion of Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Myths and Legends, Folktales and Fables: Abraham:Father of Many Nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Stories of Wonders and Everyday Life . . . . 6 Moses:Yahweh’s Messenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Dragons:Beasts of Fire and Mist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Christianity:Following Jesus Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Africa Jesus Christ: The Son of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 A Nigerian Folktale: The Monkey Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Mary: Mother of Jesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 A Story from Ghana: Ananse and the Wisdom Pot . . . . . . 12 Bible:Jewish and Christian Scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Asia and Australia Islam:The Religion of Muhammad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 A Chinese Cinderella Story: Yeh-Shen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Muhammad:Islam’s Prophet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 A Cambodian Myth: Moni Mekhala and Ream Eyso . . . . . 16 Koran: Holy Book of Islam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 From the Kalilah wa Dimnah: Baha’i:A Simple Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The Poor Man and the Flask of Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Asian Teachings A Korean Folktale: The Tiger in the Trap. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Confucius:Teacher of Great Wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 An Australian Tale: How Kangaroo Got His Tail. . . . . . . . 22 Daoism:The Religion of Laozi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Europe Shinto:A Very Japanese Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Aesop’s Fables: Animal Stories That Teach. . . . . . . . . . . 24 Hinduism:Ancient Religion of South Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . 78 A Greek Legend: Odysseus and the Cyclops . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Buddhism:The Teachings of the Buddha. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Atlas: The Bearer of the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Buddha:The Enlightened One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 A Jewish Legend:The Golem of Prague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Dalai Lama: Tibet’s Great Teacher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 A British Legend: Jainism:Teaching Nonviolence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table . . . . . . . . . . 32 Sikhism:A South Asian Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Americas Spirit Forces An Inuit Tale: How Crow Brought Daylight to the World. . 34 Shamanism:The Spirit World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 A Cherokee Story: Why Possum’s Tail Is Bare . . . . . . . . . 36 Vodun: Religion of Magic and Spirits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Paul Bunyan: The Tale of a Lumberjack . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 A Mayan Story: Rabbit Throws Away His Sandal. . . . . . . 40 I NDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Religions of the World Religion: Belief in a Higher Power . . . . . . 42 God:One World, Many Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Monasticism:A Life Apart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Golden Buddha at Thiksey Monastery, Ladakh, India © Stephanie Colasanti/Corbis Cover photo (top):Golden Buddha at Thiksey Monastery,Ladakh,India,© Stephanie Colasanti/Corbis; (center):illustration by Joseph Taylor; (bottom):illustration by Joseph Taylor Folklore and Religions I N T R O D U C T I O N What was Excalibur? Who stabbed a one-eyed man-eating giant? Where was Buddha born? What happened when Moses approached the Red Sea? To help you on your journey, we’ve provided the following guideposts in In Volume 5, Folklore and Folklore and Religions: ■ Religions, Subject Tabs—The colored box in the upper corner of each right-hand page will quickly tell you the article subject. you’ll discover answers to ■ Search Lights—Try these mini-quizzes before and after you read the these questions and article and see how much—and how quickly—you can learn. You can even many more. Through make this a game with a reading partner. (Answers are upside down at the pictures, articles, and bottom of one of the pages.) ■ fun facts, you’ll learn Did You Know?—Check out these fun facts about the article subject. With these surprising “factoids,” you can entertain your friends, impress about the many legends, your teachers, and amaze your parents. myths, fables, and beliefs ■ Picture Captions—Read the captions that go with the photos. They long cherished throughout provide useful information about the article subject. the world. ■ Vocabulary—New or difficult words are in bold type. You’ll find them explained in the Glossary at the back of this volume. And there’s a complete listing of all Glossary terms in the set in the Reference Guide and Index, Volume 13. ■ Learn More!—Follow these pointers to related articles throughout the set. And don’t forget: If you’re not sure where to start, where you saw something before, or where to go next, the Index at the back of this volume and the Reference Guide and Index (Volume 13) will point the way. Have a great trip! M F B Y IRST RITANNICA n ders o W f o s e Stor i y L i fe a d y r e v E d n a A R CH LI E(cid:2)G S H T Which of the following is a story about ordinary people doing unusual things? a) myth b) fable c) folktale 6 M Y T H S A N D L E G E N D S , F O L K T A L E S ATNI DT L FE A HB EL RE SE DYlfeohobItguairDeesermbahnoo csaedruYchvr.thiehOosMoraerto.urotsUlodCsucptehnhs rneleuoKoitckesobkeouNlailraflbwyelOhtligiyeoteteha’rhsWnocayadhraosm.ebsu?rioahrtuzsekcitnnolkaoagwnswonsnwrosfoomr I n very ancient times, people needed help to explain the mysteries of life. They didn’t have scientists or other experts to tell them why different things happened. So the way they grew to understand these mysteries was through stories called “myths.” Today when we call something a myth, we usually mean that it isn’t true. But that’s often because we don’t believe the very old stories. People used to believe in myths very strongly. Some of the most familiar European myths come from ancient Greece. The gods and goddesses of Greek religion all had stories about them that explained just why things were the way they were. World religions today have their own mythologies. Hinduism, for example, is filled with wondrous tales of gods and heroes, such as the elephant-headed god Ganesha, who represents good luck. One Bible story tells how Moses led the original Jews out of slavery in Egypt. And the famous stories of Jesus stand as examples to Christians of a perfect life. Myths are closely related to several other kinds of stories that teach us lessons.These include folktales, legends, fables, and fairy tales. Folktales are very much like myths, though they are usually about ordinary characters in unusual situations. Legends resemble folktales and myths, but they’re usually linked to a particular place or person, real or imaginary. Fables teach lessons by telling stories with animal characters. Fairy tales sometimes carry a message about right and wrong. But often they’re simply exciting, magical stories. LEARN MORE! READ THESE ARTICLES… FOLK MUSIC (VOLUME3) A GREEK LEGEND: ODYSSEUS AND THE CYCLOPS (VOLUME5) RELIGION (VOLUME5) ★ 7 elatklof )c:rewsnA DTtdhoIredDaragey o .Ya nTrOshe, e s1yUo0’rm- efKe ot ohrNtee-a logOl nidagWrn atlig zKo?aonrmds soa dtlihovaet live in Indonesia. A R CH LI E(cid:2)G S H T Which of the following does the article not say dragons breathed? a) ice b) fire c) mist 8 D R A G O N S e asts B of Fi r e a n d Mis t A ccording to a popular story, there once lived a terrible dragon in a city where many people lived. It had huge wings like a bat. The flapping of its wings could be heard for miles. It could kill an ox with a single blow. Its eyes flashed. And it breathed fire. Everyyear,thepeopleofthecityhadtoofferitagirltoeat,oritwouldkill everyone.OneyearitwastheturnofPrincessSabratofacethedragon.George, theyoungestandthebravestofthechampionswhoprotectedtheChristian church,cameforwardtosaveher.Hewoundedthedragonwithhismagic sword,Ascalon.Theprincessthrewhersasharoundthedragon’sneckand pulledthebeasttothemarketplace,whereGeorge killeditwithasingleblow.Georgelater becamethepatronsaintofEngland. People used to believe in all kinds of dragons. For some people dragons were scary creatures like the one in the story about Saint George. In China and other Asian countries, on the other hand, the dragon, or long, is considered good, lucky, and a powerful protector of human beings. The Chinese emperors adopted the dragon as their symbol. Dragons are linked with water, and they breathe out mist and clouds instead of smoke and fire. You can see immense colorful paper dragons being carried during Chinese New Year and other celebrations. Maybe stories of dragons started because people found dinosaur bones and didn’t know what they were. The bones would have looked like they came from a monster. LEARN MORE! READ THESE ARTICLES… DINOSAURS: GIANTS OF THE PAST (VOLUME1) EMPRESS OF CHINA (VOLUME4) • LIZARDS (VOLUME11) ★ 9 eci )a :rewsnA