M F B Y IRST RITANNICA People in History 4 CHICAGO LONDON NEW DELHI PARIS SEOUL SYDNEY TAIPEI TOKYO © 2008 by Encyclopædia Britannica,Inc. International Standard Book Number:978-1-59339-476-9 (set) No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. My First Britannica: Volume 4:People in History 2008 Britannica.com may be accessed on the Internet at http://www.britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica,Britannica,and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica,Inc. People in History TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 U Thant: World Peacemaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Vikings: Men in Dragon Ships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Creators Scientists and Doctors Isabel Allende: The Letter Writer’s Stories. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Elizabeth Blackwell: The First Modern Woman Doctor. . . 64 Count Basie: An Aristocrat of Jazz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Luther Burbank: Inventing New Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Charles Dickens: Writer of Life-Changing Stories. . . . . . . 10 Nicolaus Copernicus: Student of the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Fanny Elssler: Theatrical Ballerina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Marie Curie: Discovering a New Kind of Science. . . . . . . . 70 Francisco de Goya: Charles Darwin: The Theory of Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Painter to the King and to the People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Albert Einstein: A Brilliant Wonderer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: A Life Filled with Music. . . . 16 Galileo Galilei: The Man Who Discovered Outer Space . . . 76 I.M. Pei: Grand Architect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Jane Goodall: Pablo Picasso: Exploring with an Artist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Woman Who Lived with Chimpanzees . . . . . . . . . . 78 William Shakespeare: Plays That Never Grow Old . . . . . . 22 Johannes Kepler: Stargazer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Socrates:Teaching People to Think. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Sir Isaac Newton: An Apple, an Idea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Joan Sutherland: Australia’s Golden Voice. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Louis Pasteur: The Man Who Conquered Disease. . . . . . . 84 Mark Twain: The Writer and the Mississippi River . . . . . 28 Extraordinary Lives Leaders and Conquerors American Indians: The First Native North Americans . . . 86 Yasir Arafat: Leader of the Palestinians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Simón Bolívar: Hero of Many Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Ashoka:The Emperor and the Right Way of Living . . . . . 32 Anne Frank: A Young Girl and Her Diary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Menachem Begin: Struggling for Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Cathy Freeman: Gold Medalist in Track. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Julius Caesar: Mahatma Gandhi: Salt and Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Rome’s Remarkable General and Statesman . . . . . . . . 36 Helen Keller: Woman of Courage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Fidel Castro: The Man Who Changed Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Martin Luther King, Jr.: Civil Rights Leader. . . . . . . . . . . 98 Charlemagne:The Father of Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Ferdinand Magellan: Around-the-World Voyager . . . . . . 100 Cleopatra:Queen of Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Mayan Civilization: Elizabeth I: A Clever, Courageous Queen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Writers, Mathematicians, and Architects. . . . . . . . . . 102 Empress of China: The Dragon Empress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Pelé: Football Star. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Hirohito:Emperor of Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Mother Teresa: Mother of the Poor and Dying. . . . . . . . . 106 Mohammed Ali Jinnah: Founder of Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . 50 Tenzing Norgay: On Top of the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Nelson Mandela: A Fighter for Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 G Mao Zedong: Architect of Modern China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 LOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Golda Meir: Israel’s First Woman Prime Minister . . . . . . 56 I NDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Anwar el-Sadat: Egypt’s Man of Peace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Egyptian relief of Cleopatra VII © Bettmann/Corbis Cover photos (top):illuminated manuscript showing Charlemagne meeting Pope Adrian I,© Archivo Iconografico,S.A./Corbis; (center):Nelson Mandela,© David Turnley/Corbis; (bottom):Egyptian relief of Cleopatra VII,© Bettmann/Corbis People in History I N T R O D U C T I O N Who is known as the Father of Europe? What writer’s name means “two fathoms deep”? How did Cleopatra die? Why did Gandhi march to the sea? To help you on your journey, we’ve provided the following guideposts in People In Volume 4, People in History: in History, ■ Subject Tabs—The colored box in the upper corner of each right-hand you’ll discover answers page will quickly tell you the article subject. ■ Search Lights—Try these mini-quizzes before and after you read the to these questions and article and see how much—and how quickly—you can learn. You can even many more. Through make this a game with a reading partner. (Answers are upside down at the pictures, articles, and bottom of one of the pages.) fun facts, you’ll learn ■ Did You Know?—Check out these fun facts about the article subject. about the extraordinary With these surprising “factoids,” you can entertain your friends, impress people who have changed your teachers, and amaze your parents. the course of history. ■ Picture Captions—Read the captions that go with the photos. They provide useful information about the article subject. ■ Vocabulary—New or difficult words are in bold type. You’ll find them explained in the Glossary at the back of this volume. And there’s a complete listing of all Glossary terms in the set in the Reference Guide and Index, Volume 13. ■ Learn More!—Follow these pointers to related articles throughout the set. And don’t forget: If you’re not sure where to start, where you saw something before, or where to go next, the Index at the back of this volume and the Reference Guide and Index (Volume 13) will point the way. Have a great trip! M F B Y IRST RITANNICA © Ed Kashi/Corbis DAs“wfutIetWoafhDevf nerreewoi nrntPrteYe tihaatdurOeeu ’ aswr fll aor lrbnUoyrilw t omobhe nacr roKfssk owii ec”kspN vt etuieuioo sbrtnO n helwtai hrswbrwoWehiloture eeitrg dte kte?hi,or.t r m. A’b tsAlhy lub leilwnsnleokerndcid detwkien.hgat 6 I S A B E L A L L E N D E T he Lett e r Writ e r ’ s Stori e s L atin American writer Isabel Allende was born in 1942, in Lima, A R CH LI Peru. Her many books, in Spanish, have been translated into E(cid:2)G S H several languages. Her works feature a technique called “magic T realism”—the use of fantasy and myth in realistic fiction. Her stories reflect her own experiences and also look at the role of women in Latin America. Isabel Allende’s uncle was Salvador Allende, president of Chile. Why do She was a journalist there, as well as a short-story writer. In 1973 you suppose Salvador Allende was murdered during a time of political that Allende often writes problems. Under the new government, Isabel Allende was about people threatened, and she and her husband and children were forced to who are exiles? flee to Venezuela. They ended up spending 13 years there. In 1981, while still in exile, she started writing a letter to her dying grandfather. She wrote about childhood memories and of the people who had touched their lives. This letter turned into her first novel, La casa de los espíritus (1982; The House of the Spirits). It was followed by the novels De amor y de sombra (1984; Of Love and Shadows), Eva Luna (1987), and El plan infinito (1991; The Infinite Plan). Most of Allende’s stories have a political aspect and include a number of exiles. Allende calls these people “the marginals.” She says they are exiled from the big umbrella of society. They have the courage to stand on the edge of life and not be sheltered or protected. In 1990 Allende was able to return to Chile. But she was heartbroken when her young daughter became sick and died of a terrible blood disease. Out of her sorrow came a book, Paula (1994). It was Allende’s first nonfiction book, and it went on to become a best-seller. LEARN MORE! READ THESE ARTICLES… JORGE LUIS BORGES (VOLUME3) • CHILE (VOLUME9) MYTHS AND LEGENDS, FOLKTALES AND FABLES (VOLUME5) .noitcif s’ti fi neve—krow rieht rof★ secneirepxe nwo rieht no ward ot sretirw rof lausunu ton s’tI 7 .sevlesmeht selixe emaceb ylimaf reh dna ednellA :rewsnA W ? DBbBeIafDarororo neYn. hsHO eoi sfwU fRair shsK yatt hNbcmaonOu. dn tw, aBsa sciael lweda st hae 8 C O U N T B A S I E A n Aristocr at of J a z z A R CH LI Y E(cid:2)G S H T oung William Basie began studying music with his mother. He later learned to play the organ from pianist Fats Waller. Waller himself was a well-known jazz player. Basie started his career playing piano on the vaudeville True or stage. Vaudeville was performed in a chain of theaters in the false? United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Count Basie was a real Vaudeville shows provided an count. entertaining mixture of dancing, singing, comedy, and magic acts. When Basie was about 23 years old, he went to Kansas City, Missouri. It was there that he formed his first jazz band. Basie’s nine-piece band was distinct because it highlighted the rhythm instruments. The bass fiddle, drums, guitar, and Basie’s piano became the core sound of his music. Basie had once played bass himself, and he developed a four-beat “walking” style of Count Basie in 1982. rhythm. This even beat provided a light, simple, © Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis and relaxed musical foundation. It also helped the harmonies and melodies in his songs stand out. Basie’s rhythm section set the pattern that modern jazz accompanying styles would follow. Basie and his band played at many nightclubs and often did radio broadcasts. One night a radio announcer called him “Count” Basie, to liken him to another fine bandleader with an aristocratic nickname, Duke Ellington. From that point on, the band gained in popularity. The Basie band’s popular early numbers included “Lady Be Good,” “Shoe Shine Boy,” “One O’Clock Jump,” and “Jumpin’at the Woodside.” He formed another orchestra in the 1950s that was more sophisticated. Those musicians could read music and perform very difficult pieces. This group’s hits included “Alright, Okay,You Win” and “April in Paris.” LEARN MORE! READ THESE ARTICLES… LOUIS ARMSTRONG (VOLUME3) • JAZZ (VOLUME3) • RADIO (VOLUME2) © B e ttm a n n / C o rbis ★ 9 .emankcin s’eisaB saw ”tnuoC“ .ESLAF :rewsnA