Music in Early Franciscan Thought The Medieval Franciscans General Editor Steven J. McMichael University of St. Thomas VOLUME 9 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/tmf Music in Early Franciscan Thought By Peter V. Loewen LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 107, fol. 224: Unknown artist, Initial C: The Nativity (about 1250-1262), Tempera and gold leaf on parchment. Leaf: 26.8 x 19.7 cm. (detail) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Loewen, Peter Victor.  Music in early Franciscan thought / by Peter V. Loewen.   pages cm. -- (The Medieval Franciscans ; volume 9)  Includes bibliographical references and index.  ISBN 978-90-04-24817-5 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-24818-2 (e-book) 1. Church music--Catholic Church--500-1400. 2. Franciscans--History--13th century. I. Title.  ML3003.L78 2013  781.71’2--dc23 2013002764 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1572-6991 ISBN 978-90-04-24817-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24818-2 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. 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For Cheryl, Erik, Lauren, Victoria, and Arianna And in Memory of Lily Loewen (1938–2013) CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................xi Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................xiii Introduction ................................................................................................................1     I. Music and Preaching in the Life of St. Francis of Assisi .......................17 Hagiographical Sources ............................................................................19 Music in the Life of a Wanton Youth .....................................................25 Fiddle Sticks, Dancing for Joy, and the Heavenly Cithara ...............28 Music and Preaching in the Rule of St. Francis ..................................35 The Nativity Play and Mass at Greccio .................................................42 Francis and his Joculatores Domini ........................................................56    II.  Music and the Narrative of Penance in Lotario dei Segni’s De missarum mysteriis ...................................................................................61 Pope Innocent III (Lotario dei Conti di Segni) ...................................62 De missarum mysteriis ...............................................................................64 Prologue ........................................................................................................68 Epistle, Gradual, Alleluia, and Gospel ..................................................70 The Epistle ....................................................................................................70 The Gradual .................................................................................................70 The Alleluia ..................................................................................................75 The Gospel ...................................................................................................80 Conclusion ...................................................................................................81 III.  William of Middleton’s Opusculum super missam: Musical Instruction for Simple Priests and Clerics ...............................83 De opusculum super missam ....................................................................85 The Epistle ....................................................................................................87 The Gradual .................................................................................................87 The Alleluia ..................................................................................................89 The Gospel ...................................................................................................91 Conclusion ...................................................................................................92 viii contents       IV.  David von Ausburg: Music for the Outer and Inner Human ..............93 Musical Comportment .............................................................................94 Vocal Prayer .................................................................................................96 Scribal Reception of De exterioris et interioris  hominis compositione ...........................................................................99 De exterioris et interioris hominis compositione  in Augsburg, Universitätsbibliothek, cod. II.1.2o 5 ....................101 De exterioris et interioris hominis compositione in Munich,  Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 16072 .....................................103 Conclusion .................................................................................................113        V.  Robert Grosseteste on Music, Science, and the Cura animarum .............................................................................115 De artibus liberalibus and Templum Dei .............................................117 Septenary Virtue .......................................................................................119 Music as Motion .......................................................................................121 The Ministry of Music ............................................................................123 Conclusion .................................................................................................126    VI. Roger Bacon on the Science of Music and Preaching ........................129 Scholarship and Controversy ................................................................131 The Opus maius ........................................................................................136 Grammar and Logic Through the Measurement of Music ...........137 Bodily Motion, and Music as a Universal Science ..........................140 Music and Moral Philosophy ................................................................143 The Opus Tertium .....................................................................................145 Musica Mundana .....................................................................................146 Music and Bodily Motion ......................................................................147 Singing and Preaching ............................................................................149 “The Modus of All Church Music was Established  as Enharmonic” ...................................................................................151 Music and Preaching...............................................................................158 Berthold von Regensburg’s Preaching ................................................163 Conclusion .................................................................................................164 VII.  Bartholomaeus Anglicus on Music and Preaching in De proprietatibus rerum.........................................................................167 Sensual Perception of Music in De proprietatibus rerum ..............177 Concord in Music and Relationships .................................................179 Vocal Timbre and the Voice of the Preacher ....................................184 contents ix Concord in Music and Among Religious ........................................190 Universal Concord and the Music of Preaching...........................193 Conclusion ..............................................................................................195 VIII. T he Ars musica of Juan Gil de Zamora: Musical Expression and Instruments of the Reconquista ....................................................197 Historia naturalis, Dictaminis Epithalamium,  and Ars musica .................................................................................200 Who Commissioned Ars musica? .....................................................201 St. Cecilia, the Music of the Bees, and Preaching  in Historia naturalis .........................................................................204 Ars musica as a Primer for Singing Chant ......................................206 Ars musica ...............................................................................................208 The Ethos of the Church Modes .......................................................211 The Ethos of Mode Five ......................................................................214 “Musicalia instrumenta inventa fuerunt secundum  diversitatem temporum a diversis” .............................................217 Conclusion ..............................................................................................230 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................233 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................243 Index .........................................................................................................................257