Soil Forensics Pier Matteo Barone · W. J. Mike Groen Editors Multidisciplinary Approaches to Forensic Archaeology Topics discussed during the European Meetings on Forensic Archaeology (EMFA) Soil Forensics Series editor Henk Kars Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands To be a forum for all (scientific) workers in the rather fragmented field of Soil Forensics. This fragmented character is intrinsic to multidisciplinary research fields and a common platform for the exchange of knowledge and discussion is therefore heavily needed. To promote the field of Soil Forensics in academia, in forensic research institutes, legal profession/jurisdiction organisations and for the general public (science sections in newspapers) To contribute to a high scientific standard of the field. To be attractive for publishing in the series it is peer reviewed in order to be competitive with journals such as Forensic Science International. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11807 Pier Matteo Barone • W. J. Mike Groen Editors Multidisciplinary Approaches to Forensic Archaeology Topics discussed during the European Meetings on Forensic Archaeology (EMFA) Editors Pier Matteo Barone W. J. Mike Groen Archaeology and Classics Program Netherlands Forensic Institute American University of Rome The Hague, The Netherlands Rome, Italy ISSN 2214-4293 ISSN 2214-4315 (electronic) Soil Forensics ISBN 978-3-319-94396-1 ISBN 978-3-319-94397-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94397-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954060 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This volume contains papers presented during the last three European Meetings on Forensic Archaeology (EMFA) conferences. Some of these papers are written by researchers at the start of their carriers, other by senior and well-established aca- demic scholars, forensic practitioners or military officers. The papers presented dis- cuss case studies and deliberate on archaeological theory and methodology, forensic geophysics, human taphonomy, 3D-scanning, illegal trade of artefacts and forensic geology. Topics that are relevant to the advancement of forensic archaeology. This volume therefore offers a multidisciplinary view of forensic archaeology, though a personal perspective of the authors. The first EMFA conference took place in 2012 in the Hague, the Netherlands, and was jointly organized by the forensic archaeology unit of the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) and the forensic archaeology expert panel of the British Institute for Archaeologists (IfA). The purpose of the conference was to learn how forensic archaeology was organized and practised within different European coun- tries, to meet foreign colleagues and to discuss the possibility of establishing a European forum for forensic archaeology. The conference offered 14 oral papers and was attended by circa 50 delegates, covering 12 countries and representing forensic science institutes, police forces, humanitarian organizations, academic institutions and freelance professionals. An additional outcome was the creation of an official platform for Forensic Archaeology in Europe, established within the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) in 2013 (Groen 2015). Subsequent conferences were organized by the NFI in 2013 (The Hague, The Netherlands), the Cranfield Forensic Institute in 2014 (Shrivenham, UK), the Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie (IRCGN) in 2015 (Pontoise, France), the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims’ Remains (ICLVR) and the Forensic Service Ireland (FSI) in 2016 (Dublin, Ireland) and the American University of Rome in 2017 (Rome, Italy). In total more than 120 oral papers and posters were presented, discussing case studies, field methodology, human taphonomy, forensic geophysics and quality assurances, to name a few top- ics. The forthcoming EMFA conference will be organized by the Queens University in Belfast, UK, and is scheduled for August 2018. v vi Preface During the EMFA 2017 meeting in Rome, Italy, Pier Matteo Barone and Mike Groen, this volume’s editors, discussed the possibility to publish oral papers, as presented during the last three EMFA conferences in the Soil Forensic series, edited by professor Henk Kars, as a third volume so far. As a result, a number of potential authors was contacted. Most of the contacted individuals kindly agreed to partici- pate and submitted a paper for publication. It is hoped that this volume will not only improve the image of forensic archaeology worldwide, by producing more aware- ness about this discipline, but that it will also contribute to the theoretical and meth- odological development and a European ‘Best Practice Manual’ on forensic archaeology. It is also hoped that this volume and the EMFA initiative will improve the levels of communication and understanding between archaeologists, forensic scientists, police officers and other individuals who are – or potentially could be – involved in forensic archaeological research and/or case work. Moreover, to pro- mote both the group identity and the communication, the editors of this book have decided to present officially the brand-new logo (Fig. 1) that will be the symbol of EMFA for now on. This volume contains 18 chapters subdivided in three parts. Chapter 1, written by Mike Groen, is an introductory chapter and discusses the theoretical concepts behind the practice of forensic archaeology, focusing on domestic police cases. By doing so it offers an interpretative framework to evaluate physical evidence, by combining knowledge from archaeology, criminalistics and criminology. Part I, Forensic Archaeology and the NDT’s, focuses on the theoretical and methodologi- cal issues in GIS-research, remote sensing and forensic geophysics. Chapter 2, writ- ten by Alastair Vannan, discusses the importance of geospatial analyses while preparing a search for buried persons or objects. By doing so it focuses on the rel- evance of LiDAR and the Red-Amber-Green (RAG) mapping to analyse and priori- tize possible search areas. Chapter 3, written by Pier Matteo Barone, discusses a combined approach using forensic geophysics, cadaver dogs and forensic archaeol- ogy to detect buried persons or objects at crime scenes. It therefore offers a valuable multidisciplinary perspective on search methodology in forensic setting. Chapter 4, written by Alastair Ruffell and Laurance Donnelly, discusses the theory, methodol- ogy and usability of forensic geophysics, focusing mainly on the ground penetrat- ing radar (GPR), electro-magnetics (EM) and magnetometry, inside human-made Fig. 1 The official EMFA logo Preface vii structures, within peat bogs and (using a floating GPR, or water-penetrating radar) waterbodies. Part II, Forensic Archaeology and Human Remains, focuses on human taphonomical research and case studies involving buried persons. Chapter 5, written by Nicholas Márquez-Grant, discusses the role of a forensic anthropologist during a forensic search where a (partially) skeletonized body is expected to be encoun- tered. Chapter 6, written by Patrice Georges, Christelle Buton and Éric Crépin, discusses the structure and practice of forensic archaeology in France, focusing on the Forensic Sciences Institute of the French National Gendarmerie (IRCGN). Chapter 7, written by Hayley Mickleburgh, discusses the usability of archaeological funerary taphonomy and actualistic experiments involving human inhumations in archaeology and forensic sciences. Chapter 8, written by Patrick Randolph-Quinney, Stephen Haines and Ashley Kruger, discusses the use of 3D-scanning for recording forensic taphonomic traces on bones, by focusing on the available technology, the visualization potential and validation of the obtained 3D-models. Chapter 9, written by Agathe Ribéreau-Gayon, Carolyn Rando and Ruth Morgan, discusses the chal- lenges and future developments in human decomposition in deep water. By doing so it also focuses on forensic detection, recovery and identification of human remains in marine environments. Chapter 10, written by Tomasz Borkowski and Maciej Trzciński, discusses the issues associated with Polish forensic archaeology, by focusing on case study involving the search for buried remains of soldiers of a Polish underground unit who were killed in September 1946. Chapter 11, written by Lars Krants, discusses the structure and practice of forensic archaeology in Denmark, focusing on the collaboration between the Danish National Police and the Moesgaard Museum. Chapter 12, written by Chantal Milani and Carlo Belardo, discusses the structure and practice of forensic archaeology and anthropology in Italy, focusing on the Scientific Investigation Department of the Italian Carabinieri in Rome (RIS-Rome). Chapter 13, written by Tatyana Shvedchikova, discusses the development of forensic archaeology in the Russian Federation by focusing on the Russian research in human taphonomy and WWII graves. Chapter 14, written by Geert Jonker, presents a case study involving the excavation, analysis and identifi- cation of a British soldier who has been killed south of Arnhem, the Netherlands, in early October 1944, in the aftermath of Operation Market-Garden. Chapter 15, written by Geoffrey Knupfer, Dennis Godfrey and Jon Hill, discusses a case of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims’ Remains (ICLVR) involving the victim of the ‘Troubles’ who has been abducted, killed and secretly buried by republican paramilitaries in April 1978. Part III, Forensic Archaeology and Antiquity Crimes, focuses on the destruction, theft and illegal trade of archaeological and cultural artefacts. Chapter 16, written by Pier Matteo Barone, discusses the role forensic archaeology can play in solving crimes against cultural heritage, focusing on the Italian structure and examples. Chapter 17, written by Maciej Trzciński, discusses the current Polish situation in relation to investigation, prosecution and prevention of crimes against archaeological heritage. The last chapter, Chap. 18, is written by Rosa Maria Di Maggio and focusses on the role of forensic geology in forensic investigation related to fossil, precious gems and metals. viii Preface Finally, the editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all contributors who participated in this volume. Without all of you this volume would not have been possible. We are also indebted to professor Henk Kars for offering us the opportunity to compile this volume and to the publishing team at Springer, in par- ticular Melanie van Overbeek. The Hague, The Netherlands W. J. Mike Groen Rome, Italy Pier Matteo Barone April 30th 2018 Contents 1 Forensic Archaeology: Integrating Archaeology with Criminalistics and Criminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 W. J. Mike Groen Part I F orensic Archaeology and NDTs 2 Forensic Archaeological Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Alastair Vannan 3 Geophysics and Archaeology at Crime Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Pier Matteo Barone 4 Forensic Geophysics and the Search of Building Interiors, Peat Bogs and Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Alastair Ruffell and Laurance Donnelly Part II F orensic Archaeology and Human Remains 5 The Increasing Role of the Forensic Anthropologist in the Search for the Missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Nicholas Márquez-Grant 6 Forensic Archaeology: State of the Art of Archaeological Techniques in France and Other Latest Developments. A Case Studies in Toulouse Region (South West of France) . . . . . . . . 93 Patrice Georges, Christelle Buton, and Éric Crépin 7 Actualistic Experimental Taphonomy of Inhumation Burial . . . . . . . 105 Hayley L. Mickleburgh ix