MULTICULTURALISM AND PUBLIC ARTS POLICY This page intentionally left blank MULTICULTURALISM AND PUBLIC ARTS POLICY DAVID B. PANKRATZ BERGIN & GARVEY Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pankratz, David B. Multiculturalism and public arts policy / David B. Pankratz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89789-361-1 1. Ethnic arts—United States. 2. United States—Cultural policy. I. Title. NX730.P36 1993 700'.89-dc20 93-25008 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 1993 by David B. Pankratz All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 93-25008 ISBN: 0-89789-361-1 First published in 1993 Bergin & Garvey, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 To the Memory of My Parents This page intentionally left blank Contents Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Policy Contexts in the Arts 1 1. Multiculturalism and Arts Policy Research 9 Definitions of Culture, Ethnicity, and Multiculturalism 9 The Rise of Interest in Multiculturalism 18 Emerging Issues and Arts Policy Research 23 2. Foundations of Policy Research Methodologies 29 Epistemological Foundations: Challenges to Positivism 29 Logical Foundations: Definitions and Criteria for Evaluation 33 Issues in Justifying Policy Goals and Means 37 The Potential of Conceptual Analysis in Policy Research 45 Conclusion: A Methodology for Analyzing Multiculturalism and the Arts 47 3. An Interpretation of Arts Policy Mechanisms 51 Rationale for Focus on State Arts Agencies 51 Definition of Policy Mechanism Options 60 Goals, Eligibility, Criteria, and Guidelines in Grant Programs 66 Decision Makers in Grant Programs 82 Special Initiatives, Special Programs, and Distributive Pluralism 95 Policy Mechanisms and Values Issues 107 4. Conceptual Issues, Multiculturalism, and Arts Policy Mechanisms 119 Perspectives on the Ideal of Cultural Pluralism 119 Relations between Art and Culture 132 viii Contents Arguments for Affirmative Action in Arts Policy 147 Multiple Meanings of the Value of the Arts 164 Analysis and Evaluation of Arts Policy Mechanisms 184 5. Epilogue: Prospects for Policy Research in the Arts 197 Bibliography 203 Index 221 Tables 1 Relative Attractiveness of Arts Activities to Private Funding 56 2 Budget Size of Culturally Diverse Arts Organizations in the United States 57 3 Reliance of Culturally Diverse Arts Organizations on Grant Monies as a Percentage of Their Budgets 57 4 Percentages of SAAs Having Goals in Goals Statements 67 5 Percentages of SAAs That "Won't Fund" Specific Activities 70 6 SAA Funding Categories and Rate of Eligibility of Arts Organizations 72 7 SAA Funding Categories and Rate of Eligibility of Nonprofit, Non—Arts Organizations with Arts as a Primary Purpose 72 8 SAA Funding Categories and Rate of Eligibility of Nonprofit, Non-Arts Organizations 73 9 Project Grants Evaluative Criteria and Percentage of SAAs Utilizing Specific Criteria 76 10 SAA Boards: Percentages of Ethnic Group Members on SAA Boards 85 11 SAA Panels: Percentages of Ethnic Group Members on SAA Panels 86 12 SAA Staff: Percentages of Ethnic Group Members on SAA Staff 88