Governors State University OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship All Student Theses Student Theses Spring 2011 Mulk Raj Anand: Moving India Forward Sandy Wheeler Governors State University Follow this and additional works at:http://opus.govst.edu/theses Part of theFiction Commons,Other English Language and Literature Commons, and theSouth and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Wheeler, Sandy, "Mulk Raj Anand: Moving India Forward" (2011).All Student Theses. 41. http://opus.govst.edu/theses/41 For more information about the academic degree, extended learning, and certificate programs of Governors State University, go to http://www.govst.edu/Academics/Degree_Programs_and_Certifications/ Visit theGovernors State English Department This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Student Theses by an authorized administrator of OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wheeler 1 Mulk Raj Anand: Moving India Forward By SANDY WHEELER B. A., Governors State University THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Master of Arts Degree, With a Major in English Governors State University University Park, IL 60466 2011 Wheeler 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………..3 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………4 Introduction: Experience and Circumstance…………………………………………….…...5 Man’s Cruelty to Man: Caste and Class Inequality……………………………….………..12 The Restoration of Dignity: Champion of the Poor and Outcast………………..........……47 Harbinger of Progress: Confrontation Between Tradition and Modernity………………...72 A Conclusion: Humanism………………………………………………………………….93 Works Cited………………………………………………………………………….……109 Wheeler 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all who contributed to the development of this project. First, to my mom, Carole Hussey, dad and step-mother, Vern and Sue Sterchele, and grandmother, Marian Zeise: Thank you for your guidance and for instilling in me the value of knowledge and education. To my husband, Dan, and my children Tessa and Alex: Thank you for your support, patience and understanding in allowing me to pursue this goal. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rosemary Johnsen who first introduced me to Mulk Raj Anand and suggested that I delve further into his work. The tremendous support and guidance she has given me throughout this process is very much appreciated. Her role as advisor for this project is an understatement; she has been an extraordinary teacher and mentor. I would also like to thank Dr. Christopher White and Dr. Terri Pantuso for agreeing to be readers for my thesis. Their feedback was thought-provoking and helped to improve the overall quality of this project. I also must thank my friend Judi Mack. She was a remarkable asset as my go-to person for quick and accurate responses. Finally, I must acknowledge Mulk Raj Anand for creating such captivating and insightful literature. His pioneering works were an inspiration eighty years ago and his humanistic values are still an exalting model and motivation for human behavior today. Wheeler 4 Abstract Mulk Raj Anand is an innovator in literature. He is one of the first Indian authors to write in English about the humanitarian dilemmas facing India during the mid-twentieth century. His compassionate objective is to produce an awareness of the cruelty and inhumane practices of untouchability and social class distinctions and to seek the enlightening prospects of progress and modernity. In his three novels Coolie, Two Leaves and a Bud, and Untouchable, Anand explores the lives of of the down-trodden. The first chapter of this project defines and discusses the Hindu caste system of India as well as its unfavorable and negative consequences. It also addresses the damaging effects and repercussions of the differentiation of social classes based on wealth and assets. Anand abhors these status structures so completely for their inhumane and cruel results that he sought to eliminate them completely with the hope of making it possible for all Indians to have a chance for equality. The second chapter addresses the rebuilding and reformation of human respectability by taking a down-trodden character and employing him as the hero of the work. Anand is one of the first Indian authors to utilize a societal outcast as his protagonist. The third chapter discusses the clash between traditional and contemporary thoughts and behaviors. Though Anand was educated through the British system of schools, he is aware of the impact Indian traditions had on contemporary Indian life. It is Anand’s intention to expose the faults and detrimental aspects of the decomposing Indian ways rather than to maintain and defend the greater fundamental aspects of it. With the implementation of modern ways of thinking, Anand seeks a better world for all of humanity, particularly the residents of India. Wheeler 5 Introduction: Experience and Circumstance “To make man understand himself” --K. K. Sharma Mulk Raj Anand is considered by many as the father of the Indian novel. This pioneer is credited as one of the first Indian authors, writing in English, to attain global readership. His writing career spanned six decades and fashioned voluminous amounts of work including novels and short stories as well as pieces of art criticism. His background and education granted him the outlet for writing, however it was his life experiences that provided the understanding of the Indian plight of which he wrote. Many of his works address the concerns of colonized as well as postcolonial India including the issues of the collision of the two cultures, the observation of the “other” by the natives, the function of racism and the dilemma presented by the Indian caste system, as well as the quandary of preserving Indian traditions while moving forward with progress. Anand sought to enlighten the worldly public to the predicament of the Indian population. Anand’s writing career began early in his life. Among incidents that compelled him to write were several family tragedies, the consequences of colonization, and the mistreatment of Indians throughout the country. Anand was decidedly moved when his aunt committed suicide. She took her life as a reaction to being excommunicated for eating with a Muslim friend. Another distressing event in Anand’s life was when his lover was killed by her husband the night before they were due to run away together. He experienced first-hand what it was like to be looked down upon because of his familial occupation as coppersmiths. Unable to comprehend all the opposition, ambiguity, and inconsistency in life, Anand put pen to paper in search of a solution. This spurred an extraordinary career. Wheeler 6 Another impact on Anand’s life was Mohandas Gandhi. As India’s spiritual and political leader, Gandhi and his ideas would have great influence on Mulk Raj Anand’s writing. The notion of satyagrapa , the peaceful resistance to evil and nontruths, was the foundation of Gandhi’s theory. The themes addressed by Gandhi included the alleviation of poverty, freedom for women from the socially controlled constraints, unity and harmony among different religious and ethnic groups, the termination of caste discrimination and untouchability, a self-reliant economic structure for sub-continent, and, most importantly, autonomy and sovereignty for all of India. These themes would be ever-present in the writings of Mulk Raj Anand too. As England’s imperialistic presence expanded in India, so did the need for control. According to Laura Mandell, “British rule was justified, in part, by the claims that the Indians required to be civilized, and that British rule would introduce in place of Oriental despotism and anarchy, a reliable system of justice, the rule of law, and the notion of 'fair play'.” The British held that their system would invoke an ethic of improvement. England continued to expand its seizure of Indian lands. Once England won formal rule in India, its intentions were to civilize - educate, govern and train - the Indians so that they could become productive. It wasn’t until the middle of the twentieth century that India, through its use of peaceful resistance, rebelled against the British Crown which eventually relented and relinquished a portion of India to its original landowners. The world, particularly England and its colonies, experienced turbulence. This unrest and instability was due, in part, to change. The industrialization and urbanization of England brought about tension. In the West, these conflicts included hostility between the urban and rural aspects of life. The landed (haves) were in discord with the landless (those who had nothing; the have-nots). The landed, modernizing crowd was in disagreement with the middle class that was Wheeler 7 just beginning to develop. The industrialist employers were combating the employees. It was capital versus labor. These real-life difficulties found their way into the colonies as well as some of the literature of the time. Disenchantment, economic depression and unemployment took hold in the English- occupied world of India. Humanity seemed to be decomposing and was in need of rescue and resuscitation. The Progressive Movement was an intellectual response to the elitist and self- serving art of the nineteen twenties. Many intellectuals were so disillusioned by the disintegrating world that they “strove for a commitment that would restore order and save [the] world from the existing chaos. [Writers were] not only absorbing the atmosphere as…participant[s] but also seemed readily inclined to reflect it in [their] writing” (Dhawan 56 – 57). The collision of two very different ways of life found its way into the literature of the time. P. K. Rajan in his Studies in Mulk Raj Anand states that: Anand’s art became a vehicle to advance [the] cause of democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie. The characteristic elements of this revolution were: (i) its determination to put an end to imperialistic rule, (ii) its opposition to all forms of feudalist exploitation and oppression, especially evil social practices including casteism and untouchability, (iii) its humanistic craving to uplift the condition of the downtrodden, and (iv) its general acceptance of the leadership of the bourgeoisie. As an author and raconteur of Indian life, Mulk Raj Anand did not develop his writings joining the effort of just one side, Indian or British. He instead viewed the situation from multiple angles, looking for and hoping for a solution that was indicative of a compromise. Wheeler 8 Being that he was an Indian looking to have his work published in English brought about having to deal with issues not previously experienced by writers. As writing from an Indian perspective, Anand could not treat the English too harshly. His works would never have been published if the English were presented in a too severe and unkind light. Also, if he presented the Indians as a whole as victims of the imperialist colonizers, the publishers would again balk at the idea of putting such slanderous and vilifying remarks out there for the world to read. On the other hand, Anand could not be too sympathetic or understanding to the British cause. If he were to be viewed as siding with the English, his Indian readership would not exist and his efforts would have been for naught. Instead Anand was able to stay the middle ground and still seek his objectives: to produce an awareness of the cruelty and inhumane practices of untouchability in hopes of procuring its elimination along with the abolition of the entire caste system; to recognize and eradicate the differentiation of social classes brought on by capitalism; and to seek the enlightening prospects of progress and modernity. William Walsh, in his work titled Indian Literature in English contends that “Anand became an essentially [nineteen] thirties man in thought and sensibility …politically committed to the left-winged literary movement of the period” (63.) This left-winged literary movement referred to by Walsh is Modernist literature. This vein of prose, as well as non-fictional pieces of writing, had as components entities such as disillusionment, general discontent and emancipatory elements. Social problems were considered more important than the individual. God and nature were replaced by economics and politics. Each and every life was to be valued as well as the notion of man as a united brotherhood came to the forefront. Art, therefore literature, was seen as propagandistic and as a result, able to yield change. The disillusionment affected the scholars tremendously. They sought order among the pandemonium they witnessed. Wheeler 9 The critics not only contemplated change, they reflected this commitment in their writings. There was a move away from Romanticism with its pronounced optimism. There was a rejection of the Victorian pessimism. The contemporary literature of the time contained overwhelming feelings brought on by the technological changes of the twentieth century. The literary technique of writing in a stream of consciousness manner is also indicative of the Modernist period. Anand’s most famous novel, Untouchable, was written in this fashion as he recounted the goings on of a single day in the life of the protagonist, Bakha. Though born into the Kshatriyas caste, Anand witnessed, and to some extent experienced, what it was like to exist in a lower class. Upon his return from England in the early nineteen thirties, Anand resided in Gandhi’s ashram where he purposely downgraded his caste ranking and labored as a sweeper. He was subjected to the abuse and mistreatment that members of this lowly caste suffer on a daily basis. He was semi-exposed briefly to the dreadful conditions and deprivation suffered by the untouchables. This experience gave him the familiarity and expertise on which to base and create his novels. `Anand used the novel to portray the ‘soul drama’, as K. K. Sharma referred to it, of man; he was able to expose the righteousness as well as the evilness in life by portraying the stress endured by human beings caused by all aspects of life; the psychological, intellectual, emotional and corporeal. He used it as a tool that, when criticizing life, would then initiate an awareness of the potential for intellectual growth. The novel could and should be viewed as a journey of social realism with its ultimate purpose being “to make man understand himself, to stir his consciousness, to intensify his emotions and to enable him to experience Rasa or the flavor of beauty” (Sharma xi). Anand believed that a purpose of literature was to alleviate the suffering of