www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org Contents Translator’s Note .............................................................................................................................. 2 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Foreword to the Third Edition ..................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Lecture 1. Prophets of Allah: The Only Ideals for Mankind ............................................... 8 Lecture 2. The Life of Prophet Muhammad - the Most Comprehensive and Eternal Model................................................................................................................................................. 19 Lecture 3. The Historic Aspect of Prophet Muhammad’s Life ....................................... 32 Lecture 4. The Perfectness of the Holy Prophet’s Life ..................................................... 50 Lecture 5. The Comprehensiveness of the Holy Prophet’s Life .................................... 67 Lecture 6. The Practical Aspect of Prophet Muhammad’s Life and its Practicability ............................................................................................................................................................. 82 Lecture 7. The Message of the Holy Prophet of Islam ................................................... 100 Lecture 8. Practice Based on the Teachings of Prophet Muhammad ...................... 116 Page 1 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org Translator’s Note This translation of Syed Sulaiman Nadwi’s “Khutbat-e-Madras” is dedicated to the western world in particular and all users of English language in general. It is a well acknowledged fact that the western world has generally shown a hostile attitude towards Islam. But that attitude is now showing visible signs of change. Although Islam is still being portrayed by the western media as a threat and ‘extremist fundamentalism”, in the words of the of the Reader’s Digest it is “the world’s fastest growing religion.” Many prominent social and political leaders of the western world have begun to admit the importance of Islam for humanity and that there is a need to study it impartially and objectively in order to have a greater understanding of Islam and the Muslim world. At this point, it would be logical to say that a proper understanding of Islam can come only through original Islamic sources. As the readers of this book will notice, an immense amount of literature about the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) is available in different languages of the world besides Arabic. It is our belief that Syed Suleiman Nadwi’s ‘Khutbat-e- Madras” is, perhaps, the best book to introduce the Prophet of Islam and the message of Islam to the western world. When Syed Sulaiman Nadwi was preparing the material for this book he had in mind basically a non-Arab, non- Muslim audience. He was in a unique position to introduce the Prophet of Islam because he had already co authored a seven-volume biography of the holy Prophet which is highly regarded in the Muslim world for its scholarly merits. Compared to this biography the present book seems like a bottle of perfume extracted from tons of flowers. Sheikh Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi, who is one of the most prominent scholars of Islam at the present time, a teacher, an author and a historian, well known in both the Arab and non-Arab world, says about this book that it is a miracle of scholarship. It was a rare good fortune of this translator to meet Sheikh Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi (who was passing through Al-Khobar on his way back from Makkah) and show this translation to him for his approval. He wrote a very gracious letter from India with his appreciation and comments, some of which might be relevant here: “…Syed Sulaiman Nadwi‘s “Khutbat-e-Madras” holds a unique position in the literature about the holy Prophet (Peace be upon him). Without lessening the importance of this valuable treasure which has been produced over the last fourteen centuries, I would like to say that the present world needs a series of articles to explain the universal nature of the message which the holy Prophet’s biography extends to all mankind, particularly its Page 2 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org relevance to the complexities of the ever-advancing modern life. It is the need of time that Syed Sulaiman Nadwi‘s great book should be translated into different languages so that its benefit should reach the whole world. I congratulate you for translating it into English. I pray to Almighty Allah for the success of your effort with the hope that it may kindle the light of faith all over the world…” [Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi, Lucknow, India, 24 May, 1996]. In conclusion, I would like to say that Islam, which literally means peace, guarantees a life of peace and prosperity in this temporary world and a life of everlasting peace and joy in the next world. It is a message from Allah, the Creator of man, to man for his eternal success. We hope and pray that Almighty Allah, Most Gracious and Merciful, make this book a means towards understanding this message and grant us His Pleasure and Mercy in this life and the hereafter. Syed Riazul Hassan Dammam, Saudi Arabia 30th July, 1996 Page 3 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org FOREWORD The following few lectures about different aspects of the life of the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) were delivered under the patronage of the Muslim Educational Society of Madras, India, in 1925. For the past few years, it has been a regular practice in Madras that every year some distinguished scholar of Christianity gives lectures on Christianity and Jesus Christ (Peace be upon him), which are received with great interest. This gave the idea to certain well educated Muslims of Madras that a similar attempt should be made for the benefit of the Muslim students of English-medium schools there. Every year, the services of a Muslim scholar should be acquired to give lectures about Islam and the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him), and these lectures should suit the taste of the students of English-medium schools and appeal to the modern mind. Fortunately, Seth M. Jamal Mohammad took upon himself to sponsor these lectures and it is hoped that his good work will continue for a long time to come and this series of the “Islamic Lectures of Madras” will be popular and fruitful. I feel privileged that I was the first to be chosen for this noble and extremely important task. Eight lectures were held at Laly Hall, Madras, beginning in October, 1925, and were completed in the last week of November. I am grateful to Seth Hameed Hassan, Secretary of the Muslim Education Society, who made all the arrangements, including the announcements and the English translation of these lectures. I am also grateful to the Muslims of Madras for their patient hearing and appreciation of the lectures some of which lasted for nearly three hours. The non-Muslims too, deserve my thanks who in their search for truth attended these meetings despite the fact that Urdu is not their native language. I extend my gratitude to the Urdu and English newspapers of Madras for publishing weekly a summary of my lectures in their columns. Daily Express and The Hindu of Madras deserve a special mention in this regard who generously devoted their columns for the English translation of these lectures. Finally, while I present these lectures in the written form, I bow my head in humble gratitude to Almighty Allah, asking for His acceptance and Mercy and that He may grant me the sincerity of purpose in presenting this work to the readers. Seeking Allah’s Mercy, Syed Sulaiman Nadvi Desna, Bihar December, 1925 Page 4 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org Foreword to the Third Edition All praise be to Allah, who has granted immense popularity to these lectures which were written rather hastily. They were received with equal enthusiasm and warmth by all classes of Muslim society and were read with great adoration. It is only due to Allah’s Grace and Kindness that they have become so popular and beneficial, and are vastly read in schools and in religious gatherings all over the country. In the course of these lectures, there has come a certain inevitable comparison between the life and personality of Prophet Mohammad (Peace be upon him) and of other prophets of Allah, which is permissible. However, it must be borne in mind that on such occasions the comparison has been made by way of argument and is in reply to what the non-Muslims believe about certain prophets and what has been written about their personalities in their own religious books. As far as the Islamic point of view is concerned every prophet of Allah had the purest of character, was infallible in his conveyance of the Divine message and was an ideal personality for the guidance of mankind. In spite of the differences in recording their life histories due to different times and different abilities of the biographers, their real personalities remain above and beyond all criticism and fault finding. These lectures were first published in 1926, while I was in the Hejaz, from an unrevised draft. The same thing happened with the second edition. I have been able to revise the third edition but still it cannot be claimed that a man’s every effort is free from all error. Therefore, I say this short prayer using the words of the holy Quran: “Our Lord condemn us not, if we forget or fall into error” Syed Sulaiman Nadvi 27th Sha’ban, 1355 (14th November, 1936) Page 5 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org Introduction Gentlemen! After a period of fifteen years I have got this opportunity to come here at the request of the Muslim Education Society, and present to you different aspects of the life of the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) in the form of eight lectures which will be delivered in eight different meetings in the following order. 1. The perfection of human spirit can be achieved only through following the ideal life of a Prophet of Allah. 2. The life of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is the most comprehensive and eternal model for mankind. 3. The historic aspect of Prophet Muhammad’s life. 4. The completeness of the biographical details of the Prophet’s life. 5. The comprehensive nature of the Prophet’s personality. 6. The practical nature of the Prophet’s character. 7. The Message of the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) 8. Faith and Practice Madras has introduced a new series of Islamic lectures to its young generation as a way of learning their religion which is undoubtedly the first of its kind to come forth from our Muslim educational organization. Madras has the honor of being the first province of India, where the light of Islam appeared and this happened at a time when not a single soldier of Islam had set foot on the Indian sub- continent. This light was the light of one of the miracles of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) wherein the full moon was caused to split into two and then return to its normal shape. If this report of the miracle is authentic (as it was reported in “Tuhfatul Mujahideen” and supported by our Muslim brother Dr. Ghulam Mohammad who has himself read exactly the same account of the event in an ancient manuscript of the Hindus in Sansikrit, and which he has subsequently published), we should not be surprised at the initiative taken by the Muslim Education Society of Madras. They deserve to be the first in the service of Islam, and this historic right is not something new to them. It goes 1300 years back into history. I hope the Muslim educational organizations in other parts of India will follow this brilliant Page 6 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org and enviable example set by Madras. Gentlemen! I am making my speech in Urdu and although it has developed to the extent that it is now spoken and understood in most parts of India, I still feel that in Madras these lectures should have been given in English in order to have a greater benefit, and people who do not know Urdu at all could have participated too. Today’s experience also proves that it is incumbent upon our Ulema to learn English. I hope the time will come soon when our Ulema will be able to carry the Message of Allah to all mankind in all the languages taught by Him. Page 7 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org Lecture 1. Prophets of Allah: The Only Ideals for Mankind The life around us is full of all kinds of wonders. Scattered in the world are different creatures with distinct qualities and characteristics. A close look at Allah’s creation shows that from inanimate things to the human beings there has been a gradual progress of sense, perception and will. The basic forms of inorganic matter show a complete lack of sense and perception. Some other kinds of material show a faint trace of some kind of life. In growing plants involuntary presence of senses can be felt. In the animal world along with the senses there is some kind of will. In human beings, the power to control their thoughts, actions and desires makes them the most responsible of all created beings. The degree of responsibility in other creatures is proportional to the degree of free will given to them. The inorganic things are entirely free from all responsibility. Plants are subject to the laws of life and death. In the animal world, the responsibilities are increased further but it is mankind that is bound by obligations all over. Within their own kind, the mentally ill, the idiots and children on the one side and the adults, the learned, and the intellectuals on the other have to bear the burden of responsibility according to the power of perception and will present in them. Look at it from another perspective. Allah’s power of creation and sustenance takes care of all the needs of the created beings but gradually the burden of responsibility is put on the creature itself as it develops its own sense and will power. Who creates and nurtures the precious jewels in the hearts of the mountains? Who rears the fish in the depth of oceans? Who looks after the beasts of the jungle? Who cares about the animals in the cold of winter and the heat of summer and heals their sick? You will notice an apparent difference in the paws, the hair and the color of their skin and their looks even among the same species of animals depending on the difference in their habitat. The needs of the dog of Europe and that of Africa are different and nature provides for them from its own resources. For example, the European dog’s coat is woollier and thicker than the African’s. These are some of the various ways how nature provides for their different needs and they also show how it compensates and covers up wherever there is a weakness of sense and will power. And in Allah’s creatures who are given this power in a greater degree and when they reach a stronger and maturer state, nature automatically withdraws itself and leaves them free to look after their needs themselves. For example, man has to work for his living which is not provided to him directly. He has to bear the burden of cultivation; he has to plant and grow his own food. He is not born with a woolly skin for protection Page 8 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org against severe winter. He has to make his own clothes. He has to find his own cure for his illnesses and he has to nurse his own wounds. On the other hand, wherever there is a weakness of sense and perception, nature itself provides for the defense and protection of life. Different animals have been given different means of defense such as sharp claws, pointed teeth, the ability to fly, and the ability to run fast. Some have been given a poisonous sting; others have been given poisonous fangs. In short, they have been armed with various devices of self defence. However, man does not possess any of these weapons. He does not have the pointed teeth and strong paws of a lion; nor the long trunk and strong tusks of an elephant; nor the sharp horns of a bull; nor the poison a snake; nor the sting of a hornet or a scorpion. Outwardly, he seems utterly defenseless and vulnerable. Yet, he is able to overpower the long tusked elephants, the fiercely strong-pawed lions and fearfully poisonous snakes. He can catch the free flying birds into his snares and trap the creatures of deep waters. He can produce all kinds of defensive and offensive weapons. Man can achieve all this because he has been given tremendous powers of mind, sensory perception, reason and a free will. These are the powers that compensate his outer weaknesses and these are the powers that distinguish him from other creatures. And my friends, no matter what your creed or religion might be, you cannot deny that it is these very powers of mind and will which make you responsible human beings, and make you accountable to The Creator for your actions. In terms of Islam, these responsibilities have been named as “religious burden” and the amount of this burden varies according to man’s mental and physical capabilities. Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of man and of the entire universe, states this principle in the final revelation, the Holy Quran: “Allah does not obligate anyone beyond his capacity….” (Chp.2:Vrs.286) In another verse of the Holy Quran, the same burden or obligation has been expressed through the word amanah or trust. This trust was offered to all creatures but they refused to carry it. They preferred to follow the Will of Allah without having to choose between good and evil with a free will. The Quranic verse states: “We did offer the Trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they refused to bear its burden and were afraid of it, and man picked it up. Indeed he is unjust (to himself), unaware (of the end).” Page 9 www.fahmedeen.org www.practiseislam.org (Chp.33:Vrs.72) The burden of free will fell to man’s lot. The freedom of choice between good and evil has made him accountable for his actions. Other creatures do not have the freedom of action; therefore, they have no responsibility. In this context, being unjust means transgressing the limits. This reflects the imbalance in the use of man’s physical powers, whereas being foolish or ignorant means crossing the limits of his mental powers. The counterpart of “Unjust” is “just” and the opposite of “ignorant” is “knowledgeable”. These are the qualities he does not, in fact, possess. In order to achieve them he needs to strike a balance in his physical and mental faculties. He needs justice or moderation in the application of his physical power and he needs to replace his ignorance by knowledge and insight. In the Quranic terms the first faculty is known as the “righteous deeds”, whereas “knowledge” means Faith in Allah (the Creator and Sustainer of the Universe). Consider the following verses of the holy Quran: “(I swear) by the Time, Man is in a state of loss indeed, Except those who believed and did righteous deeds, and exhorted each other to follow truth, and exhorted each other to observe patience.” (Surah Al-Asr) The loss mentioned in these verses represents the transgression and ignorance of man, the imbalance in his physical and mental powers. And its remedy lies in Faith (which means true knowledge) and in moderation (which means righteous deeds). In other words man remains in perpetual oss unless he attains a balance in the use of his physical and mental powers by gaining Faith and Righteous Deeds. As a witness to this fact Allah has brought in the evidence of Time through Ages. This means the events of man’s own history since the inception of this world. According to Thomas Carlyle’s famous remark, history is only the biography of great men. The history of men and nations clearly shows that all great men and all nations have always been the losers who lacked the essential qualities of Faith and Righteous Deeds. All the heavenly and religious books, morality stories and other records of human success and failure tell the tale of the eternal conflict between good and evil, between the darkness of ignorance and the light of faith. On the one hand you can see the forces of oppression, ignorance, evil and gloom, and on the other, Page 10