chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 1 ’ MUGABE S WAR MACHINE chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 2 Other related books by Paul Moorcraft A Short Thousand Years: The End of Rhodesia’s Rebellion (1979) Contact 2: The Struggle for Peace (1981) Africa’s Superpower (1981) Stander: bank robber(with Mike Cohen) (1984) African Nemesis: War and Revolution in Southern Africa, 1945-2010 (1990) What the hell am I doing here? Travels with an occasional war correspondent (1995) Guns and Poses: Travels with an occasional war correspondent(2001) Axis of Evil: The War on Terror (with Gwyn Winfield and John Chisholm) (2005) The New Wars of the West(with Gwyn Winfield and John Chisholm) (2006) Inside the Danger Zones: Travels to Arresting Places(2010) Shooting the Messenger: The Political Impact of War Reporting (with Phil Taylor) (2011) The Rhodesian War: A Military History(with Peter McLaughlin) (2011) chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 3 MUGABE’S WAR MACHINE Saving or Savaging Zimbabwe? PAUL MOORCRAFT chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 4 First published in Great Britain in 2011 by Pen & Sword Military an imprint of Pen & Sword Books Ltd 47 Church Street Barnsley South Yorkshire S70 2AS Copyright © Professor Paul Moorcraft, 2011 ISBN 978 1 84884 410 0 The right of Professor Paul Moorcraft to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. Typeset in Times New Roman by Chic Media Ltd Printed and bound in England by CPI Pen & Sword Books Ltd incorporates the imprints of Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Family History, Pen & Sword Maritime, Pen & Sword Military, Pen & Sword Discovery, Wharncliffe Local History, Wharncliffe True Crime, Wharncliffe Transport, Pen & Sword Select, Pen & Sword Military Classics, Leo Cooper, Remember When, The Praetorian Press, Seaforth Publishing and Frontline Publishing For a complete list of Pen & Sword titles please contact PEN & SWORD BOOKS LIMITED 47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, S70 2AS, England E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.pen-and-sword.co.uk chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 5 Contents About the Author.................................................................................................7 Abbreviations.......................................................................................................9 List of Maps and Illustrations............................................................................11 Introduction........................................................................................................15 1 Mugabe: A Revolutionary Tyrant..............................................................18 2 White Conquest of the Land: The First Chimurenga................................23 3 The ‘Second Chimurenga’ –Internal and International Dynamics..........34 4 Mugabe’s Liberation War..........................................................................44 5 Mugabe Comes to Power..........................................................................83 6 Civil War and Ethnic Cleansing................................................................98 7 Foreign Fronts..........................................................................................110 8 The Self-Destruction of Zimbabwe.........................................................140 9 Days of the Generals...............................................................................157 10 Zimbabwe After Mugabe.........................................................................171 Conclusion: Mugabe’s Legacy........................................................................188 Bibliography....................................................................................................197 Index................................................................................................................201 chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 6 chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 7 About the Author Professor Paul Moorcraft lived in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe from 1976- 81. He covered the war, inter alia, for Time magazine, and also taught politics and history at the University of Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. His doctorate was on the intelligence and military failures of the Rhodesian government. He also served in the A Reserve of the BSAP/ZRP for eighteen months, after December 1979. In addition, he worked extensively as a journalist covering the conflicts throughout southern Africa from 1981-88, including reporting in both Angola and Mozambique. Later, he was the editor of a range of security and foreign policy magazines, including Defence Review and Defence International. He worked for most of the Western TV networks as a freelance producer/war correspondent as well as lecturing full-time around the world at ten major universities in journalism, politics and international relations. He was a Distinguished Radford Visiting Professor in Journalism at Baylor University, Texas. He has worked in thirty war zones in Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Balkans, often with irregular forces, most recently in Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine/Israel, Darfur and Nepal. Paul Moorcraft is a former senior instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, and the UK Joint Services Command and Staff College. He also worked in Corporate Communications in the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall. In 2003 he was recalled temporarily to government service in Whitehall and Iraq. He still serves in various occasional MoD research groups. In 2010, he was the head of mission for the British independent observer group comprising fifty observers at the Sudan elections. In January 2011, he returned to cover the referendum in South Sudan. He is the author of a wide range of books on military history, politics and crime, as well as being an award-winning novelist. Paul Moorcraft is a regular broadcaster and contributor to UK and US newspapers (with frequent columns in the Washington Times, Business Day [Johannesburg], the Guardian etc) as well as a pundit on BBC TV and Radio, Al-Jazeera etc. His co-authored study, with Professor Phil Taylor, Shooting the Messenger: The Political Impact of War Reporting, was published in 2008; the chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 8 8 Mugabe’s War Machine paperback in 2011. Dr Moorcraft also co-authored the acclaimed The Rhodesian War: A Military History in 2008; paperback in 2011. His most recent military book is Inside the Danger Zones: Travels to Arresting Places (2010). Dr Moorcraft is currently the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Analysis, London, as well as being a Visiting Professor at Cardiff University’s School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies. chapters-new_Mugabe's war Machine 05/08/2011 17:46 Page 9 Abbreviations The English versions are used here for consistency, not the Afrikaans or Portuguese original. AFZ Air Force of Zimbabwe ANC African National Congress (South Africa) AU African Union BMATT British Military Advisory and Training Team BOSS Bureau for State Security BSAP British South Africa Police CIO Central Intelligence Organisation COIN Counter-insurgency ComOps Combined Operations HQ, Salisbury DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo FPLM FRELIMO’s military wing FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front GNU Government of National Unity GPA Global Political Agreement JOC Joint Operations Command JOMIC Joint Monitoring Implementation Committee KP Kimberley Process MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDC-M Movement for Democratic Change - Mutambara MDC-T Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai MNR See RENAMO OAU Organisation of African Unity PAC Pan-Africanist Congress PF Patriotic Front PISI Police Internal Security and Intelligence unit RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance RAF Rhodesian Air Force RAR Rhodesian African Rifles RBC Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation RF Rhodesian Front RLI Rhodesian Light Infantry