Mortuary Landscapes of North Africa PHOENIX Journal of the Classical Association of Canada Revue de la Socie´te´ canadienne des e´tudes classiques Supplementary Volume XLIII Tome supple´mentaire XLIII EDITED BY DAVID L. STONE AND LEA M. STIRLING Mortuary Landscapes of North Africa UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London c UniversityofTorontoPress Incorporated2007 Toronto Buffalo London PrintedinCanada ISBN-13:978-0-8020-9083-6 ISBN-10:0-8020-9083-4 Printedonacid-freepaper LibraryandArchives CanadaCataloguinginPublication MortuarylandscapesofNorthAfrica/ edited byDavidL.Stoneand Lea M.Stirling (Phoenix.supplementaryvolume;43) ISBN-13:978-0-8020-9083-6 ISBN-10:0-8020-9083-4 1.Sepulchral monuments –Africa,North. 2.Tombs–Africa,North. 3.Burial –Africa,North. I.Stone,DavidLeigh,1954– II.Stirling,Lea Margaret III.Series: Phoenix.Supplementary volume(Toronto,Ont.) ;43 DT191.M672007 306.90961 C2006-901797-2 Universityof TorontoPressacknowledgesthefinancial assistance toitspublishing programoftheCanada CouncilfortheArtsand theOntario ArtsCouncil. UniversityofTorontoPress acknowledgesthefinancial supportforitspublishing activitiesof thegovernment ofCanadathroughtheBook PublishingIndustry DevelopmentProgram (BPIDP). CONTENTS List of Figures vii Preface xi 1 Funerary Monuments and Mortuary Practices in the Landscapes of North Africa 3 David L. Stone and Lea M. Stirling 2 Interculturality and the Punic Funerary World 32 Habib Ben Younes 3 Monuments on the Margins: Interpreting the First Millennium B.C.E. Rock-cut Tombs (Haouanet) of North Africa 43 David L. Stone 4 The ‘Mausoleum Culture’ of Africa Proconsularis 75 Jennifer P. Moore 5 The Koine of the Cupula in Roman North Africa and the Transition from Cremation to Inhumation 110 Lea M. Stirling 6 The African Way of Death: Burial Rituals beyond the Roman Empire 138 David J. Mattingly vi Contents 7 Changing Urban Landscapes: Burials in North African Cities from the Late Antique to Byzantine Periods 164 Anna Leone 8 Peopling the Mortuary Landscape of North Africa: An Overview of the Human Osteological Evidence 204 Michael MacKinnon Index 241 FIGURES 1.1 North Africa in a Mediterranean context, showing major sites discussed in the volume 4 1.2 Map of North Africa showing major sites discussed in the volume 9 1.3 Tomb at Medracen, Algeria 12 1.4 Tophet at Carthage 21 2.1 Distribution of pre-Roman cemeteries 33 2.2 Distribution of haouanet and Punic cemeteries with painted decoration 35 2.3 Hanout and Punic shaft tomb with domed ceilings 39 2.4 Hanout (above) and Punic shaft tomb (below) with pitched ceilings and painted decoration 40 3.1 Distribution of haouanet in North Africa 44 3.2 Overview of haouanet in the cemetery of Latrech 53 3.3 Hunting scene from hanout 6 at Latrech 60 3.4 Fish, niche, and column from hanout 11 at Jbel el Mangoub 62 3.5 Mausoleum from hanout 21 at Jbel el Mangoub 64 4.1 ’Neopunic’ tower-mausoleum at Makthar 76 4.2 ‘Tetrastyle’ temple-mausoleum at Ha¨ıdra 77 viii List of Figures 4.3 Distribution of pre-Roman mausolea in Tunisia 79 4.4 Recorded structural and epigraphic evidence for Roman-period mausolea in Tunisia 80 4.5 Relief above the doorway of the Mausoleum of the Iulii at Makthar, showing preparations for sacrifice 86 4.6 Distribution of Roman mausolea in Tunisia 88 4.7 Temple-mausoleum at Henchir Zaatli 92 5.1 Monolithic cupula at Ammaedara 111 5.2 Map of North Africa showing principal sites discussed in the chapter 112 5.3 MasonrytombsintheSite200cemeteryatLeptiminus,Tunisia 114 5.4 Tomb of Theodora, Bir el Jebbana cemetery, Carthage 121 5.5 Hybrid tomb marker combining elements of a cupula and a cippus from the cemetery at Bir es Zeitoun, Carthage, Tunisia 128 5.6 Cupula tombs within enclosures at the Hadrumetum cemetery 131 5.7 Cupulae and mausolea at Haouch Taaˆcha, Tunisia 133 6.1 Map showing principal oases in the Wadi al-Ajal and location of Garamantian heartlands in Fazzan (Southern Libya) 139 6.2 General view of dense Garamantian cemetery, Wadi al-Ajal 142 6.3 The mausoleum at Qasr Watwat (UAT 1), reconstruction drawing 143 6.4 Aerial view of the pyramid cemetery at al-Hatiyah (ELH 2) 143 6.5 Burial typology 145 6.6 Type 5b stepped tombs (TAG 1) 146 6.7 Typology of stelae 148 6.8 Dense Garamantian cemetery with numerous stelae (and offering tables) placed against the east face of tombs (ZOU 2) 149 6.9 ModelsofcemeterymorphologyintheGaramantianheartlands 151 6.10 General view of cairn cemetery TAG 6, showing a dispersed pattern (cf. figs 6.1 and 6.3) 152 ix List of Figures 6.11 Burial orientation 155 6.12 Rich assemblage of imported goods included in a second–third century burial at Saniat bin Huwaydi (GER 11) 158 7.1 Thysdrus: plan of the Sollertiana Domus and the Maison du Paon with graves 171 7.2 Plan of Bulla Regia 174 7.3 Plan of Carthage showing graves, cemeteries, and Christian buildings 178 8.1 Map of North Africa showing major sites discussed in the chapter 206