ColleCtive Creativity anthropology and Cultural History in Asia and the Indo-Pacific Series editors: Pamela J. Stewart and andrew Strathern University of Pittsburgh, USa This series offers a fresh perspective on Asian and Indo-Pacific Anthropology. Acknowledging the increasing impact of transnational flows of ideas and practices across borders, the series widens the established geographical remit of asian studies to consider the entire Indo-Pacific region. In addition to focussed ethnographic studies, the series incorporates thematic work on issues of cross-regional impact, including globalization, the spread of terrorism, and alternative medical practices. the series further aims to be innovative in its disciplinary breadth, linking anthropological theory with studies in cultural history and religious studies, thus reflecting the current creative interactions between anthropology and historical scholarship that are enriching the study of Asia and the Indo-Pacific region. While the series covers classic themes within the anthropology of the region such as ritual, political and economic issues will also be tackled. Studies of adaptation, change and conflict in small-scale situations enmeshed in wider currents of change will have a significant place in this range of foci. We publish scholarly texts, both single-authored and collaborative as well as collections of thematically organized essays. the series aims to reach a core audience of anthropologists and asian Studies specialists, but also to be accessible to a broader multidisciplinary readership. Recent titles in the series Mortality, Mourning and Mortuary Practices in Indigenous Australia Edited by Katie Glaskin, Myrna Tonkinson, Yasmine Musharbash and Victoria Burbank iSBN 978 0 7546 7449 8 Caste, Occupation and Politics on the Ganges Assa Doron iSBN 978 0 7546 7550 1 The Anthropology of Morality in Melanesia and Beyond Edited by John Barker iSBN 978 0 7546 7185 5 Collective Creativity Art and Society in the South Pacific katHeriNe GiUffre Colorado College, USA © katherine Giuffre 2009 all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. katherine Giuffre has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. Published by ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union road 101 Cherry Street farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7Pt vt 05401-4405 england USa www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Giuffre, katherine anne Collective creativity : art and society in the South Pacific. - (Anthropology and cultural history in Asia and the Indo-Pacific) 1. art and society - Cook islands - rarotonga 2. Creation (Literary, artistic, etc.) 3. Artists - Cook Islands - rarotonga i. title 306.4'7'099623 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Giuffre, katherine anne. Collective creativity : art and society in the South Pacific / by Katherine Giuffre. p. cm. -- (Anthropology and cultural history in Asia and the Indo-Pacific) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-7664-5 -- ISBN 978-0-7546-7665-2 (ebook) 1. Social networks-- oceania. 2. artists--oceania. i. title. HM741.G58 2009 306.4'70995--dc22 2008051706 ISBN 978 0 7546 7664 5 (Hardback) eISBN 978 0 7546 7665 2 (eBook) Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Series Editors’ Preface Art: Performance, Identity, and Ownership Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart xi Acknowledgements xvii 1 Networks and Creativity 1 2 Te Enua Ou Tumu Te Varovaro: “The Misty Land Whence Comes the thunder” 15 3 Developing an Art Market at Home and Abroad 49 4 the artists i: local, foreign, and foreign locals 77 5 the artists ii: Social Networks and Making art 105 6 Re-evaluating Creativity in a Changing World 125 Appendix A Basic Network Concepts 131 Appendix B Glossary 147 Bibliography 151 Index 159 This page has been left blank intentionally list of figures 2.1 Map of the Cook islands 15 2.2 Double k tattoo Motif 26 2.3 1966 Index of Inequality of Living Space 37 2.4 1976 Gini Index of Inequality of Living Space 38 2.5 2001 Gini Index of Inequality of Living Space 38 5.1 Sociogram of the esteem Blockmodel 106 A.1 Esteem Sociogram 132 A.2 Example Sociogram 134 A.3 Centrality 137 A.4 Geodesic 137 A.5 Sociogram of Structurally Equivalent Nodes 138 A.6 Collapsed Sociogram 139 a.7 Balanced triad 140 a.8 Balance resolutions 1 141 A.9 Balance Solutions 2 and 3 142 a.10 Balanced triads 142 A.11 Clique Building 143 A.12 Small Worlds 144 This page has been left blank intentionally list of tables 2.1 Number of Visitors and Number of Hotel Rooms 34 2.2 Dates of Colonization and independence across Polynesia 45 5.1 Densities Within and Between Blocks, Esteem Matrix 113 A.1 Example Matrix 135 A.2 Matrix Translation of Figure A.1 135 A.3 Matrix of Structurally Equivalent Nodes 139