M ORMON faith america i n M H AXINE ANKS J K W WITH EAN INNEY ILLIAMS J. GORDON MELTON, SERIES EDITOR MORMON FAITH INAMERICA Faith in America Copyright © 2003 Maxine Hanks Chapters 4 and 5 copyright © Jean Kinney Williams Foreword and chapter 7 copyright © 2003 J. Gordon Melton Allrights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec- tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hanks, Maxine, 1955- Mormon faith in America / Maxine Hanks. p. cm. —(Faith in America) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4991-2 (alk. paper) 1. Church ofJesus Christ ofLatter-day Saints—United States—History. 2. United States—Churchhistory. I. Title. II. Series. BX8611.H292 2003 289.3'73--dc21 2002156383 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Produced bytheShoreline Publishing Group LLC Editorial Director:James Buckley Jr. Contributing Editor:Beth Adelman Designed by Thomas Carling, Carling Design, Inc. Photo research by Laurie Schuh Index by Nanette Cardon, IRIS Photo and art credits: Cover: Corbis (main image); AP/Wide World (3). AP/Wide World: 16, 20, 26, 39, 63, 67, 80, 82, 90, 92, 93, 98, 103, 106; Corbis 29, 55, 68, 76, 112; Courtesy Brigham Young University Art Museum 6, 24, 34 (with permission from and thanks to Jeannette Holmes); Courtesy of the Church Archives, The Church ofJesus Christ ofLatter-day Saints 11, 32, 36, 42, 47, 50, 58, 73, 88, 101, 116. Printed in the United States of America VB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. C ONTENTS Foreword by J.Gordon Melton 4 Mormon Beliefs and Practices 7 INTRODUCTION The First American Religion Is Born 25 CHAPTER 1 Key Events in Mormon History 37 CHAPTER 2 Mormons and American Culture 51 CHAPTER 3 The Mormon Church in American Society 69 CHAPTER 4 The Mormon Church and Politics 83 CHAPTER 5 Prominent Mormon Americans 99 CHAPTER 6 The Mormon Church: From America to the World 113 CHAPTER 7 Glossary 120 Time Line 122 Resources 123 Index 124 F OREWORD AMERICA BEGINS A NEW MILLENNIUM AS ONE OF THE MOST RELIGIOUSLY diverse nations of all time. Nowhere else in the world do so many people—offered a choice free from government influence—identify with such a wide range of religious and spiritual communities. Nowhere else has the human search for meaning been so varied. In America today, there are communities and centers for worship repre- senting all of the world’s religions. The American landscape is dotted with churches, temples, synagogues, and mosques. Zen Buddhist zendos sit next to Pentecostal tabernacles. Hasidic Jews walk the streets with Hindu swamis.Most amazing of all, relatively little conflict has oc- curred among religions in America. This fact, combined with a high level of tolerance of one another’s beliefs and practices, has let America produce people of goodwill ready to try to resolve any tensions that might emerge. The Faith in America series celebrates America’s diverse religious heritage. People of faith and ideals who longed for a better world have created a unique society where freedom of religious expression is a keynote of culture. The freedom that Amer- ica offers to people of faith means that not only have ancient religions found a home here, but that newer forms of expressing spirituality have also taken root. From huge churches in large cities to small spiritual communities in towns and villages, faith in America has never been stronger. The paths that different religions have taken through American history is just one of the stories readers will find in this series. Likeanything people create,religion is far from perfect. However, its contribu- tion to the culture and its ability to help people are impressive, and these accomplish- ments will be found in all the books in the series. Meanwhile, awareness and tolerance of the different paths our neighbors take to the spiritual life has become an increas- inglyimportant partof citizenship in America. Today, more than ever, America as a whole puts its faith in freedom—the freedom to believe. 4 Mormon Faith in America Mormon Faith in America Founded by a young prophet from the American frontier, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (whose members are often called Mormons) emerged in the 20th century as a global faith. Its members are now found in more than 200 countries. The young missionaries who go from door to door introducing people to their faith have become some of the world’s most recognizable religious adherents. In country after country Mormon temples have arisen to mark the faith’s coming of age. Unique among religions, their continuing journey began in the United States. Latter-day Saints first appeared in upstate New York in the 1820s, where Joseph Smith, Jr.told people about his visions of God and a new revelation delivered into his hands by an angel. Following the publication of the Book of Mormon, people gathered around Smith and followed him to settlements in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where in 1844 their prophet was murdered. A new leader,Brigham Young, emerged to lead them west to a new land, now known as Utah. Over the next generation Mormons spread across the West, creating new settlements and offering their faith to Native Americans and the new settlers alike. Controversial through the 19th century, not least because church members prac- ticed polygamy,the Mormon Church experienced a new beginning in the 20th century. This was signaled by their abandonment of their unique family system, statehood for Utah, and the election of the first congressmen and senators from the new state. Since that time, Mormons have moved to accommodate their life to Ameri- can culture and to integrate their religious community into the diversity of American faiths. Mormon Faith in America introduces this unique American-born and -bred faith and its many contributions to American life and history. —J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor 5 Foreword I NTRODUCTION Mormon Beliefs and Practices THE MORMON FAITH WAS FORMED BY A TEENAGED BOY NAMED Joseph Smith, Jr. (1805–1844), who declared a new vision of God and scrip- turein the 1820s.His name was plain and he taught a simple idea—thatany- one can talk to God and get answers. His new scripture, the Book of Mormon, proclaimed the heavens were open with new revelations for God’s children. Manypeople believed immediatelyin Smith’svisions and scripture, and millions joined the religion he started. The story of that religion is now embodied in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS)—whose members areknownas Mormons—and its story is the story of howa14-year- old boy founded a worldwide religion. In 1844, not long after Smith proclaimed the beginnings of the Mormon church, Josiah Quincy, the mayor of Boston, wrote in his 1883 book Figures of the Past,“It is by no means improbable that some future textbook, for the use of generations yet unborn, will contain a question something like this: What historical American of the 19th century has exerted the most powerful in- fluence upon the destinies of his countrymen? And it is by no means impos- sible that the answer to that interrogatory may be thus written: Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet.” 7 Uniquely American Origins Most religions in America came from other countries, but Mormonism did not migrate here or land on this shore. The Mormon faith was born in the American culture of the 1700s and 1800s. It is a home-grown faith that came out of the American frontier like new crops sprouting in fer- tile soil. To understand the origins of the LDS Church, though, one must look earlier, at the birth of the American culture and nation. The religion Smith founded came out of the same background that created America. The early settlers of New England were Puritans, who practiced aform of Protestant Christianity and who came seeking religious free- dom in the 1600s. Puritans wanted to restore what they called the “pure” Gospel of ancient Christianity. They believed they were God’s chosen people, the elect who would build a New Jerusalem or City of Zion. As God’s “covenant people” (people who had a special agreement with PRECEDING PAGE God), as they wereknown, they were devoted to establishing the king- Moment of truth dom of God—a community that would embody God’s will. Their society This 1865painting, The Hill would conform to their theology and the Bible, and their government Cumorah,by C.C.A. would be an unfolding of religious truth. Anyone who did not conform Christensen shows Joseph Smith, Jr., receiving the to God’swill (as they sawit) would be expelled. Puritans valued reli- golden plates from the angel gious freedom to create their own society, but they did not tolerate those Moroni. Smith wrote the who did not share their views. Book of Mormon, the LDS The Puritan New England culture of the 1600s and 1700s great- holy scripture, based on the ly influenced the birth of the LDS Church in the 1820s. The earliest information on the plates. Mormons were raised on Puritan culture, seeing both its potential and its demise. As Puritanism died out in the late 1700s, Mormonism was bornamid its ghosts. Independent Nation, Independent Religion In the 1820s, when Smith was starting the LDS Church, the United States was a new country, not quite 50 years old. The generation from 1760 to 1800 wonindependence and laid the foundations for a government based on a key set of freedoms: freedom to speak, worship, work, and live ac- cording to one’spersonal beliefs.Joseph Smith’sparents were of that generation—his father, Joseph Smith, Sr., was born in 1771, and his mother,LucyM. Smith, was bornin 1775. Most Americans of the post-Revolution era did not want a sin- gle dominant religion or a state church, such as those in Britain and 8 Mormon Faith in America the nations of Europe. Americans wanted freedom of belief. In 1776, fewer than 10 percent of Americans belonged to a church, and in the 1820s, fewer than 20 percent. The vast majority of Americans were not members of an organized religion. Into this open environment came sweeping religious movements, seeking to turn Americans into Chris- tians. (From 1776 to 1845, the American population grew 10 times, from 2.5 million to 20 million people, yet the number of Christian preachers grew 22 times, from 1,800 to 40,000.) The Great Awakening (1730–1750) was a Christian religious move- ment that took hold of the American colonies and kindled a Puritan revival of the calling to God’s salvation. The Second Great Awakening (1790–c.1830) reached out to set- tlers scattered on the frontier, in places such as western New York and Pennsylvania, Ohio,Kentucky, and Tennessee. This movement made salvation available to all—through human choice or free will. Revivals, or camp meetings, urged people to receive God immediately through prayer and conversion. Preachers emphasized participation by every- one, not just ordained ministers. Both Awakenings focused on a personal relationship with God, THEOLOGY and on the restoration of the pure Gospel (that is, not the Gospel as in- Asystem of religious thinking; the beliefs of a religion. terpreted by churches) of ancient Christianity. The Great Awakening highlighted God’spower—to restore and establish His kingdom; the Second Awakening later in the century highlighted the human ability to agency—that is, to bring God’s true church into being. The birth of the Mormon religion was influenced byboth Awakenings and united their most compelling ideas in one faith. The most prominent idea of all was the Restoration. Restoration and Reformation The Restoration Movement believed that the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s in Europe had fallen short. The Reformation tried to bring back a purer Christianity by reforming the Catholic Church and cre- ating the Protestant faiths. Yet, Restorationists felt the Reformation had failed to restore original Christianity. Restorationists believed that only God or Christ could restore the “true” Christian Church. This restoration movement was sweeping New England in the early 1800s when Joseph Smith was born in Vermont in 1805. Smith’s parents and grandparents were devout Restorationists who fully 9 Mormon Beliefs and Practices