More on the Tesla/ Alexanderson System of Wireless Transmission and Its Application at Bolinas, CA …where time can flow backward and energy transmission can be instantaneous. San Francisco Tesla Society 257 CHAPTER IX. WAVES FROM MOVING SOURCES. Ir Adagio. Andante. Allegro moderato. Simple Proof of Fundamental Property of a Plane Wave. 1 § 450. The following story is true. There was a. little boy, § 451. At present, in de.aling with some elementary pro and his father said, "Do try to be. like other people. Don't perties, the object is to smooth the road to the later matter. frown." And he tried and tried, but could not. So his First of all, how prove the fundamental property of a. plane father beat him with a. strap; and then he was ea.ten up by wave, that it travels at constant speed undistorted, if there be lions. no conductivity, or, more generally, no molecular interference Reader, if young, take warning by his sad life and death. ca.using dispersion and other ,disturbances '/ We have merely For though it may be an honour to be different from other people, if Carlyle's dictum about the SO millions be still true, b yet other people do not like it. So, if you are different, you had better hide it, and pretend to be solemn and wooden-headed. Until you make your fortune. For most wooden-headed. b people worship money; and, really, I do not see what else they can do. In particular, if you a.re going to write a book, remember the wooden-headed. So be rigorous; that will cover a. multitude of sins. And do not frown. b There is a time for all things: for shouting, for gentle speaking, for silence; for the washing of pots and the writing to show that the two circuital laws are satisfied, and that can of books. Let now the pots go black, and set to work. It is be done almost by inspection. Thus, let the region between L hard to make a beginning, but it must be done. .J two parallel planes aaa and bbb be an electric field and a Wesiern The Four Nikola Tesla Admiral Nimitz The Four for peacetime communications with South America. Nally was advised that he might well proceed to erect a station in the Argentine to communicate with this station rather than with one owned by Pan-American. He refused to consider this and took no further action in the matter. When Secretary Daniels deferred obtaining a government charter for the Radio Corp., he promised the officials of the General Electric Co. that the Federal Telegraph Co. would not be permitted to construct arc transmitters for commercial purposes until a final decision had been reached.12 In compliance with this promise, the Federal Co. was advised that they could not construct transmitters for the Pan-American Co. At the time the Radio Corp. absorbed the American Marconi Co. and obtained its holdings in the Pan American Co., no further action had been initiated to establish South American circuits. Shortly thereafter Young came to Washington to confer with Hooper concerning this situation. Following the war, France and Germany obtained radio concessions from the Argentine. These concessions brought about a probability of unhealthy competition or the possible elimination of American interests, as there would be insufficient traffic from any country to warrant more than one station in each. Hooper and Bullard agreed that the best solution was to form one company which would include companies in all countries holding concessions in South America at that time. The Navy Department gave its sanction to the plan to establish this consortium consisting of the Radio Corp. of America, British Marconi, the Campagnie General de Telegraphie and Telephonies (France), and the Telefunken Co. (German). In conferences between the officials of these companies, an international company was formed, known as the A.E.F.G. with the four companies as equal partners. Each provided two members of the directorate but a neutral chairman, an American, had the power to exercise his veto whenever, in his opinion, any decisions were contemplated which would have been unfair to a minority. In this agreement the Radio Corp. not only achieved a position as an equal partner of the older established companies but, through the power of veto, it actually gained control of the consortium. By a cross-license agreement made at the same time, it obtained the use, in the United States, of the patents of the French company.1i2 12. THE NA VY OBJECTS TO THE RADIO CORP.'S EFFORTS TO ESTABLISH A MONOPOLY OF SHIP-SHORE COMMUNICATIONS e roP.osed Government h er for. the Radio Corp. had envisioned that it ould be granted onopoly of long-distance radio communications and, additionally, that it would be a patent holding agency which woTI10 reely grant licenses to reputable manufacturers, thereby stimulating healthy competition. Despite the concern of many interested Navy officials, excluding Hooper, many of the former officials of the American Marconi Co. were appointed to policy and managerial positions in the new company.±1 These officials brought with them the imbued belief that only the Marconi Cos. and those which succeeded them had legal rights in the radio field. Further, they were not in agreement with the restriction against manufacture imposed upon the Radio Corp. In reviewing the vacuum tube manufacturing situation existent in the United States at the time of the formation of the Radio Corp., it will be remembered that it was legally impossible, except by agreement between patent holders, for anyone to manufacture the three-element tube. This tube had been manufactured during the war under Government immunity. Following the termination of the war, the Government could no longer assume the responsibility for infringement. The Radio Corp. then entered ·nto greement with De Forest to manufacture them under the limited rights lie ad retained in his sale to the Telephone Co. In an effort to alleviate the situation, Hepburn, as Acting Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering, on 5 January 1920, addressed similar letters to the General Electric and the American Telephone & Telegraph Cos. pointing out that, although numerous conferences had been held in connection with the patent situation, nothing of practical value had evolved. The letters ended with a plea for an immediate remedy of the situation. The General Electric and the Telephone Cos. entered into the previously mentioned agreement on 1 July 1920 which was extended on the same date to include the Western Electric Co. and the Radio Corp. By this the General Electric Co. became for over 2 years the sole legal American manufacturer of the The Four tfifee-ekment tube for J?Ubhc srue.42 The existing manufacturing agreement itli De Eorest was discon inued, thus giving the aC:lio Corp. a sales monopoly of this item. To the surprise of naval officials wHo had fostered tile agreement, the Radio Corp. refused to sell tubes to eompeting communications OP.erating companies or to shipowners who did not lease or buy their equipment or utilize their radio maintenance service. This situation continued through the remaining months of 1920 and caused Hooper to address a personal letter to Young, under the date 11 December 1920, in which he stated that all the efforts of the General Electric, Western Electric, and Telephone Cos. to serve the Government and the American people in the radio field were being thwarted by several persons in the Radio Corp. who were determined to exercise a monopoly of radio apparatus. Young replied to this on 13 January 1921 stating that, in his opinion, Hooper was expecting too much in too short a time and asked his patience and cooperation in his effort to develop an esprit de corps within the Radio Corp. organization and an understanding of the necessity of cooperation with all Government agencies. The exchange of correspondence continued with Hooper replying on 17 January. This letter contained pertinent remarks concerning three matters of the corporation's policy. e rn lie sale of tliree- element electronic tubes. e considered tlie J?Olicy should allow their unrestrietea sale, believing that what the Radio Corp. might lose in competitign in the ship-shore business could be offset by sale of tubes and by increased good will. He further stated that the corporation should be able to keep ahead of its competitors for the merchant marine business by constantly providing better equipments and services. The second matter dealt with the erection of coastal stations. He stated that Sarnoff and others, wit o wledge or in disregard of agreements, had shifted back to the same old Marconi idea of a complete chain of commercial coastal stations. These were to oe supIJorted by the receipts obtainoo by a monopoly on ships' installations which they hoped to attain by restrictions on the sale of tubes. He followed this by the statement, "Such a policy must inevitably lead to the Department's withdrawal from any agreements now observed by the Government." Continuing, he advocated the encouraging of two strong competing companies in the ship shore business, operating under agreed upon and sane policies, one of which should permit shipowners free choice in contracting for installations. e en ea this with the statement tliat tlie personnel of the Radio Co!lJ. seemed to be against permitting sue competition. The fil comment eferreo to a growing tenoency of tlie corpora.tion's personnel to dictate to the Navy what it must or must not have in the details of equipment, ancl stated that cooperation was not as good as it had been before ne Radio Corp. came into existence. Hooper's papers do not contain a reply from Young concerning these remarks. On 25 April 1921 the Chief of the Bureau of Engineering again addressed similar letters to both the General Electric and the Telephone Cos. criticizing them for failure to provide ships of the merchant marine with tubes unless the owners contracted for service or purchased or leased equipment from the Radio Corp. Indirectly replying to this, the Radio Corp. attempted to tighten its monopoly by implied threats of legal action against commercial users of tubes in equipments not provided by them. At a meeting of the directors of the Radio Corp. on 21 April 1922, it was agreed that licenses should be granted to companies manufacturing equipment for the U.S. Government provided such equipment was not used for toll purposes. At the same meeting it was decided to sell complete installations or parts thereof to shipowners or agents and to competing radio companies operating ship radio service with the following restrictions: Licensed only for use on board merchant ships and merchant aircraft for radio telegraphic and radio telephonic communications destined to or originating on board such ship or aircraft; or for relaying radio telegraphic or radio telephonic communications between ships at sea and aircraft, between ship and aircraft and shore and vice versa.:!1 Authorization was granted to lease competing companies transmitting apparatus of 2 kw. or less antenna input and receivers for installation in shore stations for ship-shore and shore-ship communications purposes only. The royalty to be charged for this equipment was to be based on the percentage of gross business for which the apparatus was utilized. In the event that shipowners and competing companies refused to accept these imposed conditions and continued the corporation's alleged infringement of its patents they were to be The Four Alfred E. Newman The Four '~!(z;· 1q/r Epenscheid / •' OF£ ~If LY W!tr£L8~5 ,- STtJCk JOB1Nq-. 111, Gp(l,/,~,f,t-,.5 and .Lr~ n~fro~J 1'~ 114 "frt/ol_An(J( i1'6v~y ''.JJ~.yJ ! I . . IJOLBElffl Smyr/.c-; old 1111.lr--AtJ 4 J>v/6ettr P.no(, /-flf.l'rr_ Slux'plqfer . rfo:'noot/; ..,, >,<.'7f;! .1/ a~fttp_l/f o_1dtuc_f~ P_f1. a_- f .(._.} y,,c/'_-<W · S -E1-11_/1'ict,_. ,./.; c c-(~f]l J,,_rrt f1(,rj c,;l,/ iC;ycC-""•'f;·? t• '(•(/; e..fh N>'-f 1 1 '10-1 ,WJi.";11p:/.n rvmf.~ o1CT· Ar~n•lr Tc,o:,lru. Ja .d. ue-j .r/-f-J;t(l'rrl;'.·f - 7f ) ftJ/'f S/!<mAhe_rs_1 ,Jr/'r. 4Tret/~. 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