Buil&dS itnrguoscAn tn ucrCieoesin nta ge -- ---- MarvTianm eanko .. ---------�- Copyright ©1999, Marvin Tameanko. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No portion ofthis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who DEDICATION may quote briefpassages in a critical article or review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper, or electronically transmitted on radio or television. Idedicate this work to my wife BetteAnn and, through her, to the spouses ofall ancient coin collectors. Published by Ourpartners in life mayneverunderstandourfascination with “little bits ofold metal,” but they still accompany us to coin shows and conventions, and waitpatiently in hotel krause lobbies or in nearby shopping malls while we hunt through dealers’ trays lookingfor :- E..:’’ Publications that one coin that will make our dreams come true. 700 E. State Street. oIa, WI 54990-0001 Please call or write for our free catalog. Our toll-free number to place an order or obtain a free catalog is 800-258-0929 or please use our regular business telephone 715-445-2214 for editorial comment and further information. ISBN: 0-87341-713-5 Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number: 98-87366 Printed in the United States ofAmerica Main cover photo: Chris Pritchard Cover coin photos: Courtesy Ben Damsky CONTENTS Chapter 25 The Temple of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina 166 Chapter 26 The Shrine of Mercury 169 Part I: Overview PartV: Roman Structures and Monuments on Coins Foreword 2 Chapter 27 The Round Temples of Rome 177 Preface 3 Chapter 28 The Temple ofDivus Romulus 184 Abbreviations, References, and Bibliography 5 Chapter 29 Triumphal Arches 187 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 Chapter 30 The Lost Arch of Nero 197 Chapter 2 Ancient Architecture 12 Chapter 31 The Market Place of Nero 200 Chapter 3 Ancient Coinage 17 Chapter 32 Pontoon Bridges 203 Chapter 33 The Baetyl, Fantastic Architecture 209 Chapter 34 Altars 214 Part II: Early Architecture on Coins Chapter 4 The Temple ofArtemis at Ephesos 27 Chapter 5 Cities on Coins 34 Part VI: Appendices Chapter 6 Picture Postcards from The Acropolis 39 Afterword 225 Chapter 7 The Temple ofJerusalem 44 Glossary of Numismatic Terms 227 Chapter 8 The Temple of the Paphian Aphrodite 50 Index 229 Chapter 9 The Temple of Apollo at Didyma 54 List of Plate Coins 232 Chapter 10 The Pharos ofAlexandria 59 Plates 235 Chapter 11 The Mausoleum ofHalikarnassos 66 Part III: Engineering and Architecture on Coins Chapter 12 Roman Highways 77 Chapter 13 Harbors 83 Chapter 14 Aqueducts 88 Chapter 15 The Forum Romanum 96 Chapter 16 TheForumofTrajan 107 Chapter 17 TheCircusMaximus 116 Chapter 18 The Colosseum 125 Chapter 19 The Praetorian Fortress 131 Part IV: Roman Temples on Coins Chapter 20 The Capitolium 139 Chapter 21 The Temple ofJupiter Ultor or Victor 146 Chapter 22 The Temple ofDivus Augustus 150 Chapter 23 The Temple ofVenus and Roma 153 Chapter 24 The Hadrianeum and the Temple of Matidia 162 PART I OVERVIEW 3 2 Foreword Preface Buildings and monuments are the most remarkable subjects illustrated on ancient coinage. Readers ofThe Celator are well acquainted with the work ofMarvin Tameanko, which has fre They take second place only to the magnificent, photo-like portrait busts that have transformed quently graced the journal’s pages over the past decade. It is seldom that one author can appeal to the ancient coins into classical works of art. The engravings of these structures are important because diverse interests represented in a field as broad as ancient numismatics, but Marvin has earned the they often describe monuments that have disappeared from history without a trace. In fact, the respect ofcollectors and professional numismatists in many specialties. This is partly because the coins may be the only surviving physical records that such edifices ever existed. While the focus of his research—architectural and historical themes in coinage—has relativity to almost every technology of ancient coin making remained relatively constant over 1,000 years, the architecture numismatic series and culture. of that same time period changed to reflect the development of society, and the buildings shown Equally, this respect is a reflection of the caliber ofhis works. Marvin’s encyclopedic grasp on these coins are often mirrors of the science, art, and culture of the civilizations that produced ofimages and meaning serves him well in synthesizing and organizing material from the vast corpus them. of numismatic and archaeological literature. The development of this book has been a labor oflove, There have been many excellent books written about the architecture on ancient coins, as all who know Marvin will attest. The author’s passion for his subject is immediately evident and beginning withArchitectura Nunzismatica by T. L. Donaldson, first published in 1859. Donaldson his style of presentation is reminiscent ofthe great storytellers ofthe past. Reading these chapters is was a famous British architect, and his book is a romantic study of 92 classical coins more suitable as much ajoy as it is an enlightenment. That comfortable style is further enhanced by the nostalgic for Victorian age antiquarians than for the numismatists of today. However, there are many up-to- use of line drawings which Marvin himselfhas drawn. The use of line art was common in the pre date, scholarly books and articles about architecture on ancient coins available to the coin photography era, and with its special charm is a perfect mode ofportraying architecture on ancient collecting community.1 These studies utilize the most recent research, but they are essentially coins. This again is a personal reflection ofthe author, who is obviously a romantic, and often treats catalogs of the coins with the addition of historical and archaeological notes. The descriptions of us to a special kind of 19th century connoisseurship. the buildings are severely limited, and little information about the plans, construction, details, and The pages that follow are entertaining to read, but they are also a wonderful resource and original appearance of the architecture is given. Also, the context and historical background of reference for any collector interested in the images on ancient coinage. Not only is there much to be these ancient monuments is frequently disregarded, and the structures are rarely “brought to life” enjoyed, there is much to learn from them. Indeed, we have never read an article by Marvin for the reader. The buildings shown on coins are sometimes treated as remote and intangible Tameanko that did not provide new insights and facts which spark the imagination and give cause to artifacts that were engraved as abstract or symbolic designs. This book takes the approach that the ponder the mysteries of the ancient world. Having so many of those articles at hand in one conve architectural subject was of equal importance to the coin itself and deserves equal attention. The nient volume will be a most welcome addition to every numismatic library. Finally, we should say buildings were truly “benchmarks” of the culture in which they existed, and they often formed a that a modern study of architectural motifs on ancient coins has been badly needed. There have been vital part of the physical environment that shaped the foundations of Western civilization. very few works on this subject in the past century, and the few which have made it to press have been In this book I classify the coins by building types, such as temples, harbors, or public spaces, rather limited in scope. We are therefore grateful for this book and heartily commend it to anyone and not by geographical area. historical age, or emperor’s reign. I have also tried to add an element who finds ancient history, coinage or architecture appealing. of “wonder” and “joy” to the descriptions of the architecture because ancient buildings instilled these emotions in the people who used them, and do so even today. Anyone who has stood before Wayne G. Sayles the remains of the Parthenon in Athens, especially on a moonlit night, will understand my reasons Gainesville, Missouri for treating these monuments with some passion. The contents of this book are illustrated by line drawings of the coins, computer-generated plans ofthe structures, and freehand sketches ofthereconstructions ofthebuildings. Line drawings of the coins are used instead of photographs for several reasons. First, obtaining and reproducing photographs ofunworn ancient coins is difficult, andline drawings canrevealthe fine details which are often obscured by wear, corrosion, or a weak strike of the dies. However, photographs of more than one halfofthe coins in the text are illustrated in the plates at the end ofthe book. Second, us ing line drawings is an old tradition in reference books on ancient coins, and because the subject of this book deals with ancient art and architecture as well as numismatics, it seemed appropriate to The most notable and useful books are Coinsand Their Cities by Martin Jessop Price and Bluma L. Trell. published in 1977, and TheMonumentsofAncientRome as Coin Typesby Philip V. Hill, publishedin 1989. Thesethreeauthors havealsowritten numerous articles on the subject which appeared in several periodicals such as Numismatich E Antichita Classiche, the Numismatic Chronicle, and Archaeology magazine. 5 use a venerable art form for the illustrations. Third, in collecting the information for the book, I Abbreviations, References, found it necessary to draw and redraw all ofthe coins in my notes in order to better understand the artistic composition and the techniques used by the artists to render the buildings. These line drawings are records of my research and I believe that they deserve to be displayed alongside the and Bibliography text. Fourth, all architects and engineers make drawings and use them as technical communication and for the documentation of concepts. As this book pays homage to the ancient architects and engineers who created the buildings, I felt that it would be suitable to use the same graphic techniques they used, and still use today. Also, I am convinced that the ancient coin artists made sketches of their designs on papyrus or parchment, and then executed the work from these The following abbreviations are used for the references cited throughout this book: drawings. Line drawings were the genesis of the coins as well as of the buildings, and it is proper that this book uses the same illu-strative medium as was used by the original artists and designers. Primary or Classical Sources I wish to thank the following for providing the photographs used in the plates of the book: Ammianus: Roman History by Ammianus Marcellinus, translated by J.C. Rolfe, Loch Classical Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. (P.O. Box 479, Lancaster, PA 17608 USA); Leu Numismatics Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1937. Ltd. (In Gassen 20, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland); Superior Stamp and Coin (9478 West Olympic Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90212 USA); Andrew Daneman (formerly with Numismatic Fine Arts Appian: Roman History by Appian, translated by H.E. White, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard International, Inc.); and Steve Rubinger ofAntiquaInc. (20969 Ventura Blvd., Suite 11, Woodland University Press, Cambridge, 1912. Hills, CA 91364 USA). Additionally, I’d like to thank Ben Damsky for providing the color Augustan History: Lives of the Later Caesars or the Augustan History, translated by Anthony photographs used on the dust jacket of this book. Birley, Penguin Classics, London, 1976. Some ofthe information in this book appeared in different forms or as articles in the Societyfor Dio Cassius: Roman History by Dio Cassius, translated by E.W. Cary, Loeb Classical Library, Ancient Numismatics (SAN) Journal, or in The Celator and Coin News magazines over the past Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1924. fifteen years. I am grateful to Walker Carlton, editor emeritus of the SAN Journal, Wayne G. Frontinus: Strategems, Aqueducts by Frontinus, translated by T. Ashby, Loeb Classical Library, Sayles, publisher/editor of The Celator, and to John W. Mussell, managing editor of Coin News, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1925. for their constant encouragement over the years. I give special thanks to the editor of this book, Steven A. Sayles, for his resourceful, tireless service and his knowledgeable contribution to the Herodian: History of the Period after Marcus Aurelius translated by C.R. Whittaker, Loeb honing and polishing of a raw and rough manuscript. As I am responsible for everything in this Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1961. book, I accept the blame for any errors and misinterpretations but, by the same token, I claim the Herodotus: The History ofHerodotus translated by G. Rawlinson, E.P. Dutton and Co., New credit for anything written here that enlightens, informs, and delights the reader. York, 1926. Hesiod: Works and Days by Hesiod, translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1936. Josephus: The Works of Josephus translated by W. Whiston, Hendrickson Publishers, Massachusetts, 1992. Livy: Ronian History by Livy, translated by B.O. Forster et al, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1959. Lucan: Civil War by Lucan, translated by J.D. Duff, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1928. Pausanias: Guide to Greece by Pausanias, translated by Peter Levi, Penguin Classics, London, 1979. Pliny: Letters of Pliny the Younger translated by Betty Radice, Penguin Classics, London, 1969. Pliny the Elder: Natural History by Pliny the Elder, translated by H. Rackhman et al, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1938. Plutarch: Parallel Lives by Plutarch, translated by B. Perrin, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1926. Res Gestae: Res Gestae Divi Augusti edited by P.A. Brunt and J.M. Moore, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967. 6 7 Strabo: The Geography of Strabo translated by H.L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard Zanker: The Power ofImages in the Age ofAugustus by Paul Zanker, University of Michigan University Press, Cambridge, 1933. Press, Ann Arbor, 1988. Suetonius: The Twelve Caesars by Suetonius, translated by Robert Graves, Allan Lane, London, 1979. Numismatic References Tacitus: The Complete Works ofTacitus translated by Moses Hadas, The Modern Library, New Alfoldi: Die Kontorniate Medallions by A. and E. Alfoldi, Berlin, 1976. York, 1942. BMC Greek: A Catalogue ofGreek Coins in the British Museum in 29 volumes, Arnaldo Forni Vitruvius: De Architectura, also called The Ten Books on Architecture, by Vitruvius, translated reprint, Bologna, 1965. by M.H. Morgan, Dover Publications, New York, 1960. BMC Roman: Coins ofthe Roman Empire in the British Museum by H. Mattingly et al, British Virgil: The Aeneid by Virgil, translated by W.F. Jackson, Penguin Classics, London, 1956. Museum Publications, London, 1983. Cayon: Los Sestercios del Imperio Romano by Juan R. Cayon, Madrid, 1984. Secondary Sources Cohen: Description Historiques des Monnaies Frappees Soits L’empire Romain by Henry Cohen, Forni, Bologna reprint, undated. Avi Yonah: Illustrated Encyclopedia ofthe Classical World by Michael Avi Yonah and Israel Curtis: The Tetradrachins ofRoman Egypt by James W. Curtis, Argonaut Publishers, Chicago, Shatzman, Harper and Row, New York, 1975. 1969, reprinted 1990. Banister Fletcher: A History ofArchitecture on the Comparative Method by Banister Fletcher, Dattari: Monete Imperiale Greche, Num.i Avgg. Alexandrini: Catalogo Della Collezione G. The Athlone Press, London, 1961. Dattari by Giovanni Dattari, Bologna reprint, 1974. Boatwright: Hadrian and the City ofRome by Mary Taliaferro Boatwright, Princeton University Gnecchi: I Medaglioni Romani by F. Gnecchi, Bologna reprint, 1977. Press, New Jersey, 1987. Head: Historia Nuinismatica, A Manual of Greek Numismatics by Barclay V. Head, Oxford Dat Maso: Rome ofthe Caesars by L.B. Dal Maso, Bonechi-Edizioni, Florence, undated. University Press, 1911. Donaldson: Architectura Numismatica by T.L. Donaldson, Argonaut Library, Chicago, 1965. Hendin: Guide to Biblical Coins by David Hendin, Amphora Books, New York, 1987. Grant: Roman Anniversary Issues by Michael Grant, Attic Books, New York, 1977. Hill: The Monuments ofAncient Rome as Coin Types, as above. Hill: The Monuments ofAncient Rome as Coin Types by Philip V. Hill, Seabys, London, 1989. Mildenberg: Typos VI, The Coinage of the Bar Kokhba War by Leo Mildenberg, Verlag JRA: Journal ofRoman Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Sauerlander, Frankfurt am Main, 1984. Lanciani: TheRuins andExcavations ofAncientRomeby Rodolfo Lanciani, Bell Publishing, New Mime: Catalogue ofAlexandrian Coins by J.G. Milne, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1971. York, 1967. Price and Trell: Coins and Their Cities, as above. Lempriere: Lempriere’s Classical Dictionary by J. Lempriere, Bracken Books, London, 1984. RIC: The Roman Imperial Coinage by C.H.V. Sutherland, R.A.G. Carson, H. Mattingly, E.A. Nash: Pictorial History ofAncient Rome by E. Nash, A. Zwemmer, London, 1961. Sydenham et al, Spink and Son, London, 1926-84. NC: Numismatic Chronicle, Royal Numismatic Society, London, various years. RPC: Roman Provincial Coinage, Vol. 1, by Burnett, Amandry, Ripolles, British Museum Press Ogilvie: The Romans and their Gods by R.M. Ogilvie, Ancient Culture and Society, Chatto and and Bibliotheque Nationale, 1992. Windus, London, 1979. Sear GIC: Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values by David R. Sear, Seabys, London, 1982. Platner and Ashby: A Topographical Dictionary ofAncient Rome, by S. Platner and T. Ashby, Sear Greek: Greek Coins and Their Values, in 2 volumes, by David R. Sear, Seabys, London, Oxford, 1929. 1978. Price and Trell: Coins and Their Cities by Martin Jessop Price and Bluma L. Trell, V.C. Vecchi Sear Roman: Roman Coins and Their Values by David R. Sear, Seabys, London, 1988. and Sons, London, 1977. Toynbee: Roman Medallions by J.M.C. Toynbee, The American Numismatic Society No. 5, New RN: Revue Numismatique, Paris, various years. York, 1944. Richter: A Handbook ofGreek Art by Gisela Richter, E.P. Dutton, New York, 1980. Von Aulock: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Deutschland, Sammlung Von Aulock, Verlag Gebr Rivoira: Roman Architecture by G.T. Rivoira, Hacker Art Books, New York, 1972. Mann, Berlin, 1967. Robertson: Greek and Roman Architecture, second edition, by D.S. Robertson, Cambridge University Press, London, 1974. Stevenson: A Dictionary ofRoman Coins by S.W. Stevenson, Seabys, London, 1964. Ward-Perkins: Roman Architecture by John B. Ward-Perkins, in the History of World Architecture series, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1977. 9 the Solomonic temple in Jerusalem.2 In ancient mythology we find the tale of the architect/artist Chapter 1 Daedalus ofAthens, who worked for King Minos ofCrete sometime in the 14th century B.C. Dae dalus supposedly constructed the Labyrinth for the Minotaur, a half-bull, half-man monster. Held captive on Crete, Daedalus ingeniously constructed wings made offeathers and wax so thathe and his son, Icarus, could fly to freedom. However, Icarus, intoxicated by the exuberance of flight, Introduction soared too close to the sun, his wings melted, and he fell to his death in the sea. More reliable than myths, historical literature reveals the names and accomplishments of numerous architects. Herodotus, the Greek “Father of History,” reported how the architect Mandrocoles the Samian constructedthe boatbridge usedby thePersianking Darius I, in 512 B.C., In ancient days architects and engineers formed a single profession or guild of designers and to cross over the Bosphorus strait during his invasion of Greece. Inscriptions on temple walls master-builders. The title of “engineer” did not exist, and the Greeks referred to a construction or record that in 447-446 B.C. the architects of the famous Parthenon, on the Acropolis in Athens, design expert as anArchitekton. The Romans later borrowed this Greek term to make up their own were Iktinos and Kallikrates. Vitruvius related the story of Dinocrates, the famous court architect Latin title ofArchitectus. Greek architects were reputed to have specialized in design, proportion, ofAlexander the Great, 356-323 B.C. This artisan caught Alexander’s attention by appearing at an and beauty in their buildings, while the Romans experimented with materials and new methods of audience dressed as Hercules, Alexander’s patron deity. Dinocrates had oiled his skin to a high construction, and then applied them to the Greek designs which they slavishly copied. Architects shine, wore only a lion skin draped over his shoulder, and carried a large club. This self-promoting were held in high esteem by the ancients because they were an elite of military officers in charge architect endeared himself to Alexander by proposing the grandiose scheme of sculpting Mount ofconstructingthe vital fortifications, weapons, and machines ofwar. The architects who designed Athos, the highest mountain in Greece, into a colossal statue of a man. In his left hand the statue and built civilian structures were usually slaves, indentured to the state or to aristocratic house would hold an entire city, and in his right an enormous bowl to receive the waters of the rivers that holds. This was not unusual in the ancient world; slaves also dominatedthe other noble professions descended from the mountain.3 Dinocrates became Alexander’s personal architect, and in 331 B.C. ofmedicine, business management, and teaching. Pliny the Younger, A.D. 61-112, a Roman sena designed the new city ofAlexandria in Egypt. In this same city, an inscription recorded that one of tor and author who was appointed as a provincial governor by the emperor Trajan, A.D. 98-117, the “Seven Wonders ofthe World,” the Pharos lighthouse, was designed by the architect Sostratos recorded the details of daily life in the Roman provinces. Tn one ofhis letters to the emperor, Pliny of Kni’dos for King Ptolemy II, 285-247 B.C. Historical documents also report that a Roman mentioned the fact that many ofthe architects he met were former slaves or Greeks (Letters ofPliny, architect named Cossutius was employed by Antiochus IV, 175-164 B.C., to design the great 10.40). In Roman imperial times, beginning in the 1st century A.D., architecture became a more Temple ofthe Olympian Zeus in Athens. Cossutius may have been responsible for introducing the important profession to the growing nation, and Roman citizens began to practice as civil architects. best Greek styles of architecture into early Rome. The architects who served the emperor Nero, The ancient architectwas an all-roundperson who designed buildings, dabbled in art, served as A.D. 54-68, and the designers ofhis magnificentDomus Aureus—orthe “Golden House” palace— a military officer, andperformed the duties ofacivil or municipal engineer. A Roman architectand were two Romans named Severus and Celer.4 They also supposedly designed the Claudian authornamed Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, writing around 29 B.C., is wellknown to historians because aqueduct, the macellum (market) of Nero, and the Neronian baths in Rome. In Roman imperial he wrote the only surviving ancient treatise on architecture. His ten books on the subject, calledDe times, the names of several architects were registered as favorites ofthe emperors. Rabirius served Architectura, were later studied by medieval and Renaissance architects such as Leonardo da as architecttothe emperorDomitian, A.D. 81-96, andconstructedhis finestbuildings. Apollodorus Vinci, Bramante, and Michelangelo. Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture were so popular as a of Damascus was the principal architect of the emperor Trajan, A.D. 98-117. He was responsible source ofinformation that they were re-publishedin 1485 and have been reprinted constantly since for the bridge over the Danube, which can be seen in the sculpture on Trajan’s Column, the Forum then. His influence is still feltby modern architects, who were probably educated in a school where ofTrajan, the harbors at Ostia and Centumcellae, and the many temples built during the emperor’s the educational philosophy was based on the principles Vitruvius wrote down in the first century reign. The emperor Hadrian, A.D. 117-138, was a talented self-taught architect, but he employed B.C. According to Vitruvius, the knowledge of an architect should be a combination of the the services of Apollodorus until this architect foolishly criticized the emperor’s design for the theoretical and the practical. He said that an architect should “be educated, skillful with the pencil, Temple of Venus and Roma. Hadrian also commissioned the services of an architect named instructedin geometry, know much history, have followed the philosophers with attention, have an Decrianus to move a gigantic bronze statue of Nero that was over 110 feet high. Decrianus used understanding of music, have some knowledge of medicine, know the opinions of the jurists, and twenty-four elephants to do the job, moving the statue in its upright position.5 This catalog of be acquainted with astronomy”.1 famous ancient architects and their accomplishments could continue with many more names, but From historical records we know quite a bit about the lives of the architects/engineers of the the point has been made, and the listing can end in the 2nd century A.D. with an architect named ancient world. In some cases we know more about them than we know about the famous architects Amandus. He probably designed the Roman frontier fortress of Birrens, Scotland, near Hadrian’s of today. Going back to the beginnings of recorded history, an inscription carved on a wall in an Wall, around A.D. 158. Amandus erected a stele in the fort dedicated to Brigantia, the tutelary Egyptian tomb reported that the architect ofthe first stone, stepped pyramid for the pharaoh Zoser, in the 30th century B.C., was a priest named Imhotep. The Bible mentions Hiram of Tyre, a half- 2 1Kings. VII. 13, 40. Jewish artisan with the same name as the king ofTyre, who was probably the principal architect of 3 Vitruvius, as above, Book II, Introduction, 3, page 35. 4 RomanArchitecture, by G.T. Riviora, HackerArtBooks,NewYork, 1972.page 71, quotingthedatafromTacitus, TheAnnals ofRome, XV. 42. 1 Vitruvius, The Ten Books onArchitecture, translatedby M.H. Morgan, Dover Publications, London, 1960, BookI. Chapter1, 5 LivesoftheLaterCaesars, alsocalledtheAugusranHistory,Hadrian 19.12,translatedbyA.Birley, PenguinClassics,London, 3, page 5. 1976. page 65. __________________________________________________ r 10 11 goddess of the native Brigantes tribe. In the in religious precinct or as a tour scription on this monument, Amandus labels him Seeplates, ist attraction in ancient Knos- coin 1. self proudly as an “ARCITECTVS. “6 sos, the coin could have been The ancient architects and engineers were used as a guide map to show honored by the exhibition of their great works on visitors how to enter and exit the coinage of the times. Buildings were a com the maze. The obverse shows monly used subject, and there were thousands of abeautiful bust ofthe goddess Greek and Roman architectural coins struck from Hera facing left. 100 B.C. to A.D. 400. These coins were significant Legendary buildings make to the state because they were the main advertising up only a small part of the orpropagandavehicles usedto show the devotions, architecture represented on deeds, and accomplishments oftheruler. Also, when coinage. Mostcoins show real ever a temple was shown on a coin, the religion, buildings located on actual A silver stater ofKnossos struck in 300-270 B.C. The reverse cult practice, deified ruler, or the deity represented sites in historical cities, and shows theplan ofthe classical Labyrinth. Sear Greek, Vol. 1. 3217. by the structure was being initiated or promoted. the details displayed on these Perhaps the first and earliest ancient coins to coins reveal much information about the structures. Architectural historians claim that to include a building as part oftheir designs were the understand the culture, science, and aesthetic aspirations of a nation, we need only examine their silver staters struck at the city of Knossos on the architecture. Numismatists suggest thatto comprehend the art, technology, economics, and wealth island of Crete. These crude coins were manu of a society, we need only observe its coinage. Perhaps by combining these two thoughts into one, factured in 425 to 400 B.C. This date-line places in a study ofthe architecture shown on coinage, we can obtain a broader and deeper understanding A stele erectedby the architectAmandus, these coins in the earliest stages of the develop- of our founding civilizations. found in 1895 in Birrensfortress in Scotland. ment of struck coinage. The coins show the figure ofthe legendary Minotaur, running to the right and holding a round stone in his left hand. The legend KNOMI, referring to Knossos, is crudely en graved in early Greek letters behind him. The reverse ofthe coin depicts a maze-like structure as a convoluted pattern ofwalls, which represents the plan of the famous and mythical Labyrinth designed by Daedalus. In folklore, Theseus, son of the king of Athens, used aball oftwine to findhis A rare silver stater ofKnossos struck in 425-400B.C. way through the Labyrinth and killed and showing the Minotauron the obverse and the the Minotaur in his den. He was Labyrinth on the reverse. Sear Greek, Vol. 1, 3210. supposedly assisted in his mission by Daedalus. Archaeologists excavating theroyal palace at Knossos, believed tobe theresidence ofKingMinos, discoveredthatitconsisted of a puzzling arrangement of rooms on two levels, with many zigzagging corridors and twisting stairways, some leading to dead ends. This complex palace plan may have been the source ofthe myth that the Labyrinth was a tangled maze. This labyrinthine structure was used on the coins of Knossos for many centuries, well into the Roman imperial era. A later coin, struck in 300-270 B.C., shows a classical plan ofthe legendary maze on the reverse. This plan is so well engraved that, if a labyrinth did exist as some kind of a 6 Scotland’s Roman Remains, by Lawrence Keppie. John Donald Publishing Ltd., Edinburgh, 1986. page 76. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ F 13 12 in the 7th century B.C., was a squat, tapered, heavily fluted column with an unadorned capital. Its Chapter 2 height was, by the rules applied to this Order, six times the diameter of the shaft. This column had no separate base, and simply sat on the floor of the temple. The Doric column was later recom mended by the Romans to support heavy loads, or it was used on the lower floors of multi-storey structures. The Ionic column, inventedjust a little later than the Doric, was tall, usually nine times its diameter, and slender, with an ornate capital made up of spiral volutes at the four corners. The Ancient Architecture shaft of this column was more delicately fluted than the Doric Order, and the base was a round, cushion-like shape, sometimes set on a square pad. Vitruvius saw the Doric column as male because it was strong, powerful, and solid. He considered the Ionic column to befeinale, elegant Ancient people assigned religious and mystical qualities to their buildings. This tradition and beautiful, because he related the flowing volutes of the Ionic capital to the curly hair of a probably arose in primitive times when protection from the natural elements, enemies, and woman and the fancy fluting of the shaft to the folds of a dress. predators was so important to sustaining life that people came to regard their shelters as sacred. The Corinthian column, developed in the 5th century, was taller than the Tonic Order. The This concept continued into classical times, and can be seen in the ritual practice of priests capital of this column was very ornate and fashioned to look like a basket of acanthus leaves with laying out new cities by plowing a sanctified furrow around the perimeter of the community. their tendrils curling around the top at the corners. The shaft was fluted and the base was a cushion This ceremonial cus form similar to that ofthe Ionic Order. The Romans became very fond ofthe exquisite Corinthian tom is depicted on an column and created a similar new type by combining the spiral volutes ofthe Ionic with the capital cient coins by a priest ofthe Corinthian Order. This new column was called the Composite Order, and it first appeared on or ruler guiding a plow the triumphal arch of Titus, constructed in Rome in A.D. 81. Also, the Romans often used an 4T ‘TT’‘1<4J t ! 1*w T4t1 pulled by a team of Etruscan adaption ofthe GreekDoric Order, and modified it to make a new style called the Tuscan. i T’H oxen. The construc These columns usually had a smooth shaft and a high rectangular base. However, the Roman tion of temples and architects were inventive and often tampered with the rigid rules of the Orders by adding high, A cuneiform inscriptionfrom important civic build rectangularplinths as bases at the bottoms of all the columns, or by using fluted or smooth column Persepolis in ancient Persia, 485-465 B.C. ings was never started shafts indiscriminately. without first deposit These various Orders of columns were clearly shown on coins by the distinctive shape of the ing statues of deities, animal sacrifices, or coins in the foundations, and most buildings contained capitals. Tt appears that the mint engravers tried to show building details on coins, such as the some religious image as a protective icon. Also, ancient civilizations revered their great buildings column capitals, as consistently and accurately as possible. and attributed them directly to their gods. The cuneiform inscription shown here was found at Persepolis, carved in four prominent locations on the gateway pylons of the great palace of the Persianking Xerxes I, the biblical Ahasuerus, 485-465 B.C. Ittranslates into English as “Whatever seems beautiful we made by the grace ofgod.” Most of the large buildings constructed in the ancient world evolved directly from earlier, primitive wooden prototypes. When these structures were translated into stone or masonry, the wooden forms were retained and became decorative and symbolic. This recollection and reuse of older shapes can be seen in the construction of circular stone columns as imitations of the round tree trunks used for posts in olden days. The Greeks began this transformation ofwood technology into a stone vernacular, enhanced the decorative aspects ofthe retained forms, and produced some of the most elegant temples ever constructed in history. The Greek love of philosophy and geometry, combined with their search for perfection and beauty, led to the creation ofmathematical proportioning systems which were applied to buildings as dogmatic rules ofconstruction. All decoration was formalized or prescribed, and used on Greek buildings as symbolic elements. The Romans, more practical in their approach to buildings, fully adopted the Greek designs but developed better construction methods using concrete materials, arches, and domes. However, the Roman architects, entranced by the beauty ofGreek architecture, copied the rules of proportion and decoration set out by Grecian artists and applied them to most oftheir buildings. This adaptive process can be illustrated by the “Orders of Columns” created by the ancient architects for use in the design of buildings. The Orders were prototype designs of columns that dictatedthe function, spacing, size, height, decoration, and appearance ofthe various DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN TUSCAN COMPOSITE members, and thereby guaranteed beautiful proportions. For example, the Doric column, invented