MONTC ALM’S CRUSHING BLOW French and Indian Raids along New York’s Oswego River 1756 RENÉ CHARTRAND © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com MONTCALM’S CRUSHING BLOW French and Indian Raids along New York’s Oswego River 1756 RENÉ CHARTRAND © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 ORIGINS 6 The competition for Lake Ontario 6 The French and British forts 7 INITIAL STRATEGY 12 The outbreak of war 12 French reinforcements arrive 12 The battle of Lake George 13 The strategic importance of Oswego 14 The garrison 19 LÉRY’S RAID ON FORT BULL 24 The plan 24 Trekking through the wilderness 27 The approach 31 Storming Fort Bull 33 The aftermath 38 THE PLAN 41 Montcalm's arrival in Canada 41 Oswego's garrison 47 MONTCALM’S RAID ON OSWEGO 50 Montcalm’s forces move 50 Beginning the siege 52 Taking Fort Ontario 54 The next siege 55 Surrender 62 ANALYSIS 66 AFTERMATH 71 The sites today 73 FURTHER READING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 INDEX 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION AAAAAAlllllltttttthhhhhhhooouuuuuuggggggggghhhh iiitt hhhhhaaaaasssss bbbbbeeeennn tttthhhhheeeee sssssuuuuubbbjjjjjjeeeeccccttttt oooooofffffff aaaaa ffffeeewww pppppaaaaaaggggggeeeeessssss ooooooorrrrrrr aaaa cccccccchhhhhhhhhaaaaaaaapppttttteeeeeerrrrrr iiiiinnnnn eeeeeeevvvvvvveeeeeerrrrryyyyyy bbbooooooookkkkk oonn ttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeee SSSSSSSSSSeeeeeevvvvvvveeeeeeenn YYYeeeeaaaaaaarrrrrrsssssss WWWWWWWWWWWWaaaaaarrrr iiiiiinnnn NNNNNNNoooorrrrtttthhhhhhh AAAAAAAAmmmmeeeerrrrriiiiiicccccaaaaa,,,, tttthhhhhhhiiiiiiisss wwooorrrkkkk aaaaappppppppppppeeeeaaaarrrrsssss tttttoooo bbbbbbbbeeee ttttthhhhhheeee fffffffffiiiiiirrrrrsssttt ssuubbbbssttaannttiiaalll ssttuudddyy oonn OOOOsswweeggoo aannddd iiittssss ffffaaattteee iiiiinnn 1111177777555666.. TTThhhaaatttt yyyeeeaaaarrrr,,, iiittt wwwaass oooonnnnee oofff ttthhheee mmmooosssttt iiimmmpppooorrrtttaaannnttt mmmiiillliiitttaaarrryyy ppplllaaaccceeesss ooonnn ttthhheee cccooonnntttiiinnneeennnttt.. TTThhheee BBBrrriiitttiiissshhh aaannnddd AAmmeerriiccaannss wwaanntteedd ttoo uussee iitt aass aa ssttaaggiinngg ppooiinntt ffoorr tthheeiirr ppllaannnneedd aattttaacckkss oonn ttthhheee FFFrrreeennnccchhh fffooorrrtttsss ooonnn LLLaaakkkeee OOOnnntttaaarrriiiooo ttthhhaaattt wwwooouuulllddd cccuuulllmmmiiinnnaaattteee iiinnn ttthhheeeiiirrr cccooommmpppllleeettteee control of that great waterway. The French wanted to conquer Oswego to deprive the Anglo-Americans of their post on the Great Lakes. The stakes were high. If the British were successful, part of New France’s fur trade was ruined and the French’s influence with their allied Indian nations would be seriously reduced. If the French had the upper hand, it was the Anglo-Americans' trade and influence with the Indians that would be seriously, perhaps fatally, affected. The defense capacity of Oswego was bolstered; from 1755, new forts were built and the garrison greatly strengthened. However, largely through the administrative ineptitude of General William Shirley, who was the British commander-in-chief in North America and governor of Massachusetts, there were serious problems sending enough supplies from Albany to Oswego. The line of communication was very long and went largely through wilderness before reaching Oswego. This was a major “Achilles heel” that had not gone unnoticed by Governor General Vaudreuil of New France. A seasoned officer born in Canada, he perceived the weakness in the link between Albany and Oswego and resolved to test it. This is why our work gives a fairly elaborate account of the raid and destruction of Fort Bull in March 1756 since it proved the weakness of that link. It also demonstrated yet again the “French and Indian” superiority in wilderness warfare. Could a raid on a grand scale, unseen as yet in North America, be organized and take Oswego, Vaudreuil wondered? When General Montcalm arrived in Canada in June 1756, he was soon tasked with carrying out such a mission. It would involve taking over 3,000 men, including allied warriors, 4 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Introduction over a vast expanse of wilderness traveling in a fleet of at least 200 boats called bateaux that would move discreetly in order not to be detected. This must have initially seemed unrealistic, but, after a while, even the French metropolitan officers warmed to the idea enough to give it a try. To take Oswego would really be a feat, as this was no small stockade affair. It had several forts and a train of siege artillery had to be brought along. This might have initially seemed like an impossible task, but many Canadians were employed transporting huge quantities of trade goods across part of the continent; transporting artillery and large quantities of ammunition and supplies of all sorts was possible for these men. The Oswego operation has usually been called a “campaign” but, as will be seen, it was really more of a massive raid, the likes of which had never been seen before. Major-General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Véran, but commonly called Marquis de Montcalm, c .1755. (Officers’ Mess, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston. Author’s photo) 5 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com ORIGINS The competition for Lake Ontario From the early 1720s, American fur traders became very interested in the Oswego area as a fine place for meeting Indians from the more westerly Iroquois nations, notably the Onondagas. By about 1724, this had taken the form of a seasonal event where traders would spend part of the summer trading with Iroquois. There was nothing permanent erected by the American traders, only temporary bark or log huts. Nevertheless, the French soon learned and were considerably worried about these activities. In terms of trade with the First Nations, the American traders at Oswego were obviously diverting business that would normally have gone to Fort Frontenac. But it was probably the geostrategic implications that drew the greatest concern of senior officials in Quebec City. Up until then, Lake Ontario – still called Lake Frontenac on some maps – had been a French lake. Now, the ongoing activities of the American traders at Oswego each summer upset the security and dominance the French had enjoyed since the 17th century. Normally, the government of New France acted militarily against interlopers, either directly or through allied Indians, but the Oswego case was more complex. These numerous traders were British subjects and Oswego was also claimed to be within the realm and protection of Great Britain although, in practical terms, the Iroquois nation of the Onondagas was the real lord of the area, and was generally considered an ally of the Anglo-Americans. Furthermore, Britain and France were enjoying a peaceful period that no one in Versailles or London really wished to upset, so a military action and occupation of Oswego by French troops was out of the question. Diplomacy and adopting measures to hem in the American traders at Oswego appeared as the immediate solution. The Chevalier de Longueuil was sent to meet with Onondaga leaders, but they remained vague and non-committal. The trade was no doubt much to their liking and it was 6 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Origins increasing. In 1724, a path was cleared by the American traders at the Oneida Carry to facilitate the flow of trade goods coming from Albany by the Mohawk River. Goods would now reach Oswego more easily. For the French, the situation was not getting any better as years passed and, by 1726, they obtained leave from the Iroquois Seneca nation to build a “House of Peace” farther west, at Niagara, to prevent the Anglo-Americans from penetrating any farther into Lake Ontario. The new French fort at Niagara had the usual stockade wall of any outpost, but what was rising inside was a large three-story-high stone “machicolated house” that would have a detachment of regular troops. This would secure the entrance into Lake Ontario from Lake Erie. With Fort Frontenac, which also had a regular garrison, guarding the lake’s eastern access into the St Lawrence River, the French controlled the way in and out of the lake, except at Oswego. Redoubt built by the English The French and British forts at Oswego, 1727. (Detail New York colony governor William Burnet received news of the French from a map by King’s Engineer Gaspard-Joseph fort being built at Niagara. It was clear that Oswego now had to be Chaussegros de Léry secured and made into a more permanent post. Britain too had to “show (senior). Made at Montreal the flag” at Lake Ontario, as failure to do so could entail losses in trade on July 17, 1727 after field and prestige with the Iroquois confederacy. In late 1726, Burnet obtained notes. Collection and photo: money from the New York legislature to “build a fort at the mouth of the Archives Nationales (France), Outremer Onondaga River” and, by the spring of 1727, he “sent some workmen to (Aix-en-Provence), Dépot build a stone house of Strength at a place called Oswego…” (DRCHSNY, des Fortifications des V).  To garrison the new fort, Governor Burnet ordered one of the four Colonies) independent companies posted in the province of New York to take its quarters at Oswego. This was a company of British regular troops consisting of one captain, two lieutenants and 60 enlisted men. The men were armed with muskets, bayonets and swords, and were uniformed in red coats with blue cuffs and linings. From 1730, the facings were changed from blue to green (WO 71/6). Thus, for the first time, British regular “redcoats” appeared on the southeastern shore of Lake Ontario. Not only were the Iroquois surely impressed at this resolute show of force on the frontier, but the French also were deeply worried. The governor general of New France, the Marquis de Beauharnois, wanted to know what was being done at Oswego and, in the summer of 1727, dispatched 7 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Montcalm’s Crushing Blow Chief King’s Engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1682–1756) to observe, from a safe distance, the activities of the Anglo-Americans. De Léry’s maps and plans have survived and they make an outstanding record of the construction of the fortified post by the British troops. 1720S What he saw at Oswego was the construction of a substantial structure built on a rectangular plan, three stories high and with thick stone walls (see Fur trading begins illustration). The top story was machicolated with wood and thus was in the Oswego slightly wider than the lower floors. A sloped roof covered the edifice. It was area; fortifications reckoned by de Léry to be about ten “toises” wide (about 19.5m). There are built were initially no other fortifications except a semicircular earthwork surrounding the machicolated fortified house on the landward side. Nearby were huts and temporary storehouses put up by the traders that conducted business with the Indians near the fortified house during the summer. During the following years, relatively little was done to improve the fortifications. Fort Oswego, 1739. (View by King’s Engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (senior). Collection and photo: Archives Nationales (France), Outremer (Aix-en-Provence), Dépot des Fortifications des Colonies) 8 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Origins Plan of Oswego in 1743. John Bartram (1699–1777), considered the “father of American botany,” visited Oswego collecting plants, but sketched this plan, which appeared in his Observations on the Inhabitants… in his Travels (London, 1751). It shows the “castle” now enclosed by a curtain wall, rounded towards the east and with turrets on the opposite end. North is to the right. (Fort Stanwix National Monument, National Park Service, Rome (NY). Author’s photo) When de Léry went back to observe Oswego in 1739, the only major change recorded was that the sloped roof had been removed. The top floor was now open and had two sentry boxes, as well as a small structure covering the stairway leading to the top floor. A decade later, in September 1749, de Léry was again spying on Oswego from a distance. This time, he recorded improvements made to strengthen the British fortified house. The British had built around it a masonry wall with two corner square turrets on the west side to cover the entrance while, on the east side, the curtain wall was rounded and featured four gun ports. It had loopholes at two levels: on the ground floor and on an upper wooden gallery that went from one corner square turret to the other. Thus the fortified house had evolved into being a sort of dungeon surrounded by a curtain wall with two turrets. There were no outer fortifications. The traders’ huts had evolved into a street with houses lining each side. By comparison, the two forts built by the French on the shores of Lake Ontario were impressive. Fort Frontenac, built from 1673, was not formidable, but it had a substantial collection of buildings defended by a fort that had stone walls with bastions. It was also the main base for the French vessels sailing on Lake Ontario. At the other end of the lake was Fort Niagara that had its three-story “stone castle” within a fairly large wooden bastioned fort. In the summer of 1755, substantial Vauban-style earthworks were added to seal the peninsula onto which the fort had been built. Two other areas were occasionally used as anchorages and as trading spots by the French vessels and canoes. That at Toronto (now the site of the largest city in Canada) was meant to draw trade away from Oswego by Indians coming from the northwest, and must have been a success. In 1750–51, a small fort was built there and provided with a regular garrison. It was officially called Fort Rouillé, named after the contemporary minister of the French navy, but was better known as Fort Toronto. The other area was on the east end of the 9 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Montcalm’s Crushing Blow lake at what was called Niaouré Bay (now Sackets Harbor, NY). Although no permanent post was established there by the French, this was a frequent gathering spot for traders and Indians. It also proved to be a popular assembly place for military expeditions in wartime.    Albany, sited on the west bank of the upper Hudson River, was the second-largest town in the colony of New York, the biggest being New York City on Manhattan Island where the Hudson flowed into the Atlantic. While New York City was already an important center for ocean-going ships engaged in international trading, Albany was more concerned with settlement, agriculture and trade with the First Nations. The towns of the Iroquois confederacy were to the north and west of Albany. Going due north on the Hudson River, one would reach Lake George and, just after that, the first outposts of New France on Lake Champlain. Since the 1730s, the French had built the imposing Fort Saint-Frédéric, which the English called Crown Point, whose main work consisted of a massive and medieval-looking tower. This fort had a permanent garrison of the gray-white-coated compagnies franches de la marine regular soldiers who were often assisted Entrance to the Oswego River, 1749. This was the general appearance of the old stone fort until the end of the August 1756 siege. (View by King’s Engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry made from notes taken on September 16, 1749 and finished in Quebec City on October 8. Collection and photo: Archives Nationales (France), Outremer (Aix-en-Provence), Dépot des Fortifications des Colonies) 10 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com