LIBRARY OF HEBREW BIBLE/ OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES 617 Formerly Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series Editors Claudia V. Camp, Texas Christian University Andrew Mein, Westcott House, Cambridge Founding Editors David J. A. Clines, Philip R. Davies and David M. Gunn Editorial Board Alan Cooper, John Goldingay, Robert P. Gordon, Norman K. Gottwald, James E. Harding, John Jarick, Carol Meyers, Carolyn J. Sharp, Daniel L. Smith-Christopher, Francesca Stavrakopoulou, James W. Watts 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 1 23/03/2015 10:27 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 2 23/03/2015 10:27 MONOTHEISM AND YAHWEH’S APPROPRIATION OF BAAL James S. Anderson Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 3 23/03/2015 10:27 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © James S. Anderson, 2015 James S. Anderson has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56766-394-8 ePDF: 978-0-56766-396-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Series: Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies, volume 617 Typeset by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 4 23/03/2015 10:27 It is only because of the enduring love and support of my father and mother that this work has been possible and it is with utmost affection and gratitude that I dedicate this work to them. 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 5 23/03/2015 10:27 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 6 23/03/2015 10:27 CONTENTS Acknowledgments viii Abbreviations ix INTRODUCTION 1 MONOTHEISM PARADIGMS: A HISTORY OF THE DISCUSSION 7 TEXTUAL AND ARTEFACTUAL EVIDENCE FOR A NATIVE PANTHEON 23 THREE CATEGORIES OF APPROPRIATION 39 BAAL 47 POLEMICAL APPROPRIATION OF BAAL 63 APPROPRIATION THROUGH IMPLIED POLEMICS AND NON-POLEMICAL TRANSFERENCE 85 MAPPING THE RISE OF MONOTHEISTIC YAHWISM 99 Bibliography 123 Index of Biblical References 141 Index of Subjects 144 Index of Authors 145 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 7 23/03/2015 10:27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To a large extent, we are products of those who went before us and those from whom we learn or under whom we study. Not only do voices from our past influence us in the present, but those family members from our past, whom we might not ever have known, still influence us today. They are part of us biologi- cally or genetically, but perhaps the more significant legacy they left is passed on by what they imparted to those they raised, who in turn pass on their influence to us, and so on. We will probably do the same, inextricably binding us together, revealing that what we do now will have a bearing, however small, on other lives later on. As part of this process, I am the product of those who went before me, those of my family whose generous and loving ways I continue to experience tangibly today. There are other individuals who have been influential in my life and have made possible this revised version of my doctoral dissertation submitted in 2011 to the University of Sheffield. Firstly, I would like to express my indebtedness and gratefulness to my supervisor, Diana Edelman, whose tireless work for her students is an inspiration, and without whom this work would not have been possible. Her work has been of great influence to me and I am proud to call her a friend. I am also grateful to Andy Dearman, whose guidance during my days at Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary continues today. I would like to thank Philippe Guillaume for his friendship and for our numerous and lengthy discus- sions. I am indebted to him for taking me to Lebanon and Syria, and specifically to Ras Shamra, which helped me to better contextualize some of my research. Philip Davies is another scholar I would like to thank for the numerous discussions we have had. He is always available to help a student with questions. 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 8 23/03/2015 10:27 ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. ANEP The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by J. B. Prichard. 2nd edn. Princeton, 1969. ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by J. B. Prichard. 3rd edn. Princeton, 1969. AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium BibInt Biblical Interpretation BN Biblische Notizen CBET Contributions to Biblical Exegesis & Theology CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series ConBOT Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament Series COS The Context of Scripture. Edited by W. W. Hallo. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill 1997–2002. CTA Corpus des tablettes en cunéiformes alphabétiques découvertes à Ras Shamra-Ugarit de 1929 à 1939. Edited by A. Herdner. Mission de Ras Shamra 10. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1963. DCH The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Edited by D. J. A. Clines. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993–. DDD Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking and Pieter W. van der Horst. 2nd rev. edn. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999. ER2 Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by L. Jones. 15 vols. 2nd edn. Thompson Gale, 2005. FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HTR Harvard Theological Review IB Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. 12 vols. New York: Abington Press, 1951–7. IEJ Israel Exploration Journal JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JEOL Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Gezelschap (Genootschap) Ex oriente lux JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 9780567663948_txt_print.indd 9 23/03/2015 10:27