Ian Spellerberg presents a practical introduction to how changes in living communities are measured and monitored. After describing the relevance and growth of ecological monitoring and the programs and organizations involved, this book presents the science of ecological monitoring in respect to spatial scales, temporal scales, indicators and indices. The later part of the book provides an assessment of methods and monitoring in practice, including many international case-study examples. First Edition Hb (1991): 0-521-36662-3 First Edition Pb (1991): 0-521-42407-0