Springer Topics in Signal Processing Mohammad Ali Nematollahi Chalee Vorakulpipat Hamurabi Gamboa Rosales Digital Watermarking Techniques and Trends Springer Topics in Signal Processing Volume 11 Series editors Jacob Benesty, Montreal, Canada Walter Kellermann, Erlangen, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8109 Mohammad Ali Nematollahi · Chalee Vorakulpipat Hamurabi Gamboa Rosales Digital Watermarking Techniques and Trends 1 3 Mohammad Ali Nematollahi Hamurabi Gamboa Rosales National Electronics and Computer Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Technology Center (NECTEC) Zacatecas Pathumthani Mexico Thailand Chalee Vorakulpipat National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) Pathumthani Thailand ISSN 1866-2609 ISSN 1866-2617 (electronic) Springer Topics in Signal Processing ISBN 978-981-10-2094-0 ISBN 978-981-10-2095-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2095-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946322 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. To my father Abo-Al-Ghasem, my mother Ziba, my sisters Nazanin, Mahnaz, Saeedeh, Freshteh, and my nieces Yekta & Anahita. Preface Due to wide range of digital watermarking applications in digital world, available digital watermarking books just concentrate on specific application of digital watermarking such as multimedia, document, and network. This book is written to cover all possible application of digital watermarking in digital world. For this purpose, the overall techniques and trends in each of the digital watermarking forms are discussed with simple and understandable language. Since digital water- marking has broad contribution in cybersecurity science, the authors believe that any sort of digital watermarking for digital contents requires a separate chapter for complete discussion. Therefore, every chapter of this book is dedicated to well- known application of digital watermarking in audio, speech, image, video, 3D graphic, natural language, text, software, XML data, relational database, ontology, network stream, DNA, Bitcoin, and hardware IPs. This book is suitable for beginners who do not have any information about digi- tal watermarking concepts. In order to motivate readers to select, familiar, and get some concepts of a desired watermarking field, this book is structured and organ- ized in such a way that the reader has ability to only focus on a chapter. For more and deep concentration on details for that chapter, the reader must study state- of-the-art references in that chapter. For course work usage, the authors suggest vii viii Preface students to familiar with basic concepts of digital signal processing, natural langue processing, software engineering, network engineering, machine learning, digital design, and cryptography subjects. Although the authors have been attempted to provide the best suggestion for classification of techniques and trends in the beginning of each chapter, the authors declare that there is always improvement for classifying these techniques and trends. Therefore, any suggestion from audience for enhancing the book’s structure and book’s content will be most welcomed. Pathumthani, Thailand Mohammad Ali Nematollahi Pathumthani, Thailand Chalee Vorakulpipat Zacatecas, Mexico Hamurabi Gamboa Rosales Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank and pray to God for blessing my research study and giving me strength and courage. I also would like to thank my father and mother for their encouragement and support by praying for me to do my book successfully. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude and convey my thanks to Dr. Hamurabi Gamboa Rosales and Dr. Chalee Vorakulpipat for their supervision, advice, and guidance from the early stage of this book until the completion of the book. Similarly, I would like to record my gratitude to my Editors Dr. Loyola D’Silva and Mr. Ravi Vengadachalam for their guidance, advice, and continuous support during the entire course of this book. Lastly, I would like to express my special thanks to Thailand’s National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) for providing a beauti- ful, peaceful, and calm academic environment for research and study. ix Contents 1 Preliminary on Watermarking Technology ...................... 1 1.1 Overview ............................................ 1 1.2 Fundamentals of Digital Watermarking .................... 2 1.3 Requirements of Digital Watermarking ..................... 3 1.3.1 Robustness of Digital Watermarking ................ 4 1.3.2 Capacity of Digital Watermarking .................. 5 1.3.3 Imperceptibility of Digital Watermarking ............ 5 1.3.4 Tamper Resistance .............................. 7 1.3.5 Computational Cost ............................. 7 1.3.6 False Positive Rate .............................. 8 1.3.7 False Negative Rate ............................. 8 1.4 Zero Watermarking .................................... 8 1.5 Applications of Digital Watermarking ..................... 9 1.6 Book Structure ........................................ 11 References ................................................. 13 Part I Signal Watermarking 2 Audio Watermarking ........................................ 17 2.1 Introduction .......................................... 17 2.2 Transmission Channel .................................. 17 2.3 Audio Watermarking Techniques ......................... 19 2.3.1 Temporal Domain ............................... 20 2.3.2 Frequency Domain .............................. 22 2.3.3 Coded Domain ................................. 26 2.4 Embedding Approach .................................. 27 2.4.1 Embedding Before Encoding (Pre-encoding) ......... 28 2.4.2 Embedding During Encoding (in-Encoder) ........... 28 2.4.3 Embedding After Encoding (Post-encoder) ........... 29 2.5 Audio Attacks ........................................ 29 2.5.1 Dynamics ..................................... 29 xi