2016 Modularity of living wall systems J.H.M. Wagemans 11-11-2016 1 Modularity of Living Wall Systems Masters Thesis Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Building Technology sector 2 C O N T A C T I N F O R M A T I O N Graduate J.H.M. Wagemans, BSc. Balthasar van der Polweg 756 2628 ZH Delft Tel. (+31)(0)6405 563 17 E-mail 1: P R E F A C E This Thesi iss the produocft a graduation proinj ethcte d epartmentB oufi ldinTge chnology within the faculty of Architecture and the Built En vtihreo Dnemlfetn Ut noifversity of Technology. TThhise si scontains a literature research of the concept of modularity as well as research olifv ing wall systems. An anhaalsy sbise e cnonductde of eight different living wall systems. This reseawricllh u nfolidts elf into a new design for a living wall system. It should be noted that the analysis of the livsinygst ewmalscl h( apter 6 of thTihse si)s was conducted along with M.A.J. Kok, BSc. .T, hBeB Aauthor would like to express higs rsaintictuedreteo her . The author would also like to expgrreastsi thuidst eo the supervisors of this graduation projec: tProf.dr.ir. A.A.J.F. van den Dobb, eDlrs.t eire. nM. Otte Irlé. A, .M B. ergsm aand Dr. N.M . Bilori.a The eight living wastlle smys that are analyzed in thisa Treh epsrios ducts from eight different companies. Again, the author would like to gexraptrietussd theoi s t he following companies for providing information and intos itghhetir i nproduc ts: - Copijn - Green Fortune Nederland B.V. - Minigarden Nederland | CGC B.V. - Mostert De Winter B.V. - Muurtuin - Saint-Gobain Cultilène B.V. - Sempergreen B.V. - The Vertical Green Company Lastly, the author wants to express his gratitude to various other companies and authorities that helped complete this Thesis by providing insight in their products or buildings and/or by providing information: - Allface Befestigungs- technologie GmbH & Co KG - ANS Global - Aronsohn Raadgevende Ingenieurs B.V. - Gemeente Rotterdam - Hoek Hoveniers - Moooz B.V. - Proefcentrum voor Sierteelt (PCS) - Rotterdam Science Tower - Stadsarchief Rotterdam - Stichting Dakpark Rotterdam - Tuincentrum Soontiëns - Wallflore Systems N.V. Delft, september 2016 J.H.M. Wagemans, BSc. 4 A B S T R A C T Living wall systems are not a opnp ali eladrge scale, even though they offer multiple benefits to buildin.g Tshey are able to imp trhoev aeir quality, the insulation values or social and psychological ben. eTfhites aim of this Thesis nisc rteoa ise the application of living wall system bsyd esigning a living wall system with the principles of modularity, which should decrease the two bigdgiseasdt vantages of living wall s: ythstee hmigshp roductiocno st and the high amount of mainte nance. To reach this goal it is imporcthaannt ntoeb l oth nkowledge about modualanrd ivtye rtical green. For modularity thiss munedaenrstanding the prin:c dipelseigsning with repeating components, designing for prefabrication, designing for disassembly and designing for a catalogue. In the next step varioucsti coonns naere listed which can bwe huesned de signing for disassembly, along with types of façades and building re afperpelny cteh use sweoh fic h the principles of modu larity. As for vertical green, a clear typology ca. Vn ebreti cseael gnreceann be dividiendto green façades, wall vegetation and living wall systems. Living wall systems cane br e based on plant boxes, panel systems (of which some use mineral wool) and on felt layers. A history is provided ovef rtical green, along with a detailed exploanuat tihoen a adbvantages and disadvantages of placing of vertical green on all bouf itlhdeinsge .a Advantages are researchetdo find o uift they can be improved with the means of modularity. These advantageasre af irst step inthoe world ionfn ovationthsa tc ould be used when designing a new living wall system, togethaenr iwnsitigh ht innteow innovations regarding mod ularity. The main research of this report is an analysis of all the living wall systems on the current Dutch market. These systems arnee edx ipnl athi eir way of working and are separated into components and materials. A conclusion is made about the separability and reusability of the components, as well as the circularity of the materials, along with general data, such as weight, water consuiomnp atnd lifespan. This information is later used in a Harris profile that defines the type of living wall system that’s best for the design requirements. The design requirements have been determined by researching the context of a location where this living wall system can be installed; the Europoint-complex in Rotterdam. The Harris profile makes clear that planter box can best be used due to their low water consumption, high lifespan and their fit for circular design. In the end a planter box system is designed which can easily be removed from the building skin and replaced by means of modularity, which decreases the maintenance. It has even been adapted so it can be transported by drones, so no persons have to climb up a building. Planter boxes that are recovered from the building can be reused or recycled thanks to the circular design. By designing the system in such a way that it can function as the outer layer of a building, it also decreases the building costs. Finally, the system receives three add-ons, which use innovations to increase the effect certain benefits of living wall systems. These add-ons are part of a design catalogue, which helps the system to be applicable on other locations than the Europoint-complex, depending on the design problems at hand. 5 I N D E X Contact information ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Preface..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................12 2. Research outline .....................................................................................................................................................13 2.1 Background and relevance ......................................................................................................................13 2.1.1 Designing with modularity ............................................................................................................13 2.1.2 Popularity of living wall systems.................................................................................................13 2.1.3 Implementation in vacant utility buildings ............................................................................14 2.1.4 Design for disassembly using compostable or recyclable materials ........................14 2.1.5 Designing with new innovations.................................................................................................14 2.2 Problem statement ......................................................................................................................................15 2.3 Objective...........................................................................................................................................................15 2.3.1 Objectives ...............................................................................................................................................15 2.3.2 Final products .......................................................................................................................................15 2.3.3 Boundary conditions .........................................................................................................................16 2.4 Research questions .....................................................................................................................................16 2.5 Approach and methodology ..................................................................................................................17 3. Designing with modularity ................................................................................................................................18 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................18 3.2 Definition and principles of modular design..................................................................................18 3.2.1 Design with repeating components..........................................................................................19 3.2.2 Design for prefabrication................................................................................................................20 3.2.3 Design for disassembly....................................................................................................................20 3.2.4 Design for a catalogue.....................................................................................................................20 3.3 Types of connections .................................................................................................................................21 3.3.1 Direct connections using form and shape .............................................................................21 3.3.2 Indirect connections using objects............................................................................................22 3.3.3 Material connections ........................................................................................................................23 3.3.4 Connections in steel ..........................................................................................................................24 3.3.5 Connections in concrete .................................................................................................................24 3.3.6 What connections to use for a demountable design?.....................................................24 3.4 Types of façades ...........................................................................................................................................25 3.4.1 Skeletal structure and balloon frame .......................................................................................25 6 3.4.2 Post-and-beam façade ....................................................................................................................25 3.4.3 Curtain wall and systems façade.................................................................................................26 3.4.4 Double façade ......................................................................................................................................27 3.4.5 Construction..........................................................................................................................................27 3.5 Research of existing modular façades ...............................................................................................28 3.5.1 Organic Urban Living Field ............................................................................................................28 3.5.2 The LifeCycle Tower ONE ...............................................................................................................32 3.5.3 Debitel Headquarters .......................................................................................................................34 3.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................36 4. Green façades and living wall systems ........................................................................................................37 4.1 Introduction of green façades and living wall systems.............................................................37 4.1.1 Living wall systems based on planter boxes .........................................................................39 4.1.2 Living wall systems based on panels (using mineral wool) ...........................................39 4.1.3 Living wall systems based on felt layers .................................................................................40 4.2 History of vertical green and living wall systems .........................................................................41 4.3 Effects of vertical green.............................................................................................................................43 4.3.1 Reduce the urban heat island effect .........................................................................................43 4.3.2 External shading ..................................................................................................................................44 4.3.3 Creating a microclimate ..................................................................................................................44 4.3.4 Improve insulation properties......................................................................................................44 4.3.5 Improving air quality.........................................................................................................................45 4.3.6 Provide sound insulation ................................................................................................................46 4.3.7 Increase biodiversity .........................................................................................................................46 4.3.8 Aesthetical effects ..............................................................................................................................47 4.3.9 Social and psychological benefits ..............................................................................................48 4.4 Disadvantages of vertical green ...........................................................................................................48 4.4.1 Cost............................................................................................................................................................48 4.4.2 Maintenance .........................................................................................................................................48 4.4.3 Insects.......................................................................................................................................................49 4.4.4 Cold temperatures .............................................................................................................................49 4.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................50 5. Innovations ................................................................................................................................................................52 5.1 Introduction on innovation .....................................................................................................................52 5.2 Innovations regarding modular façades ..........................................................................................53 5.2.1 Tri-material cubes façade ...............................................................................................................53 5.2.2 Honeycomb façades .........................................................................................................................54 7 5.2.3 Deflated glass hexahedron façade.............................................................................................55 5.2.4 Matrix façades ......................................................................................................................................56 5.2.5 Rolled wall ..............................................................................................................................................56 5.2.6 Solid unitized wall ..............................................................................................................................57 5.3 Innovations regarding modular connections.................................................................................58 5.3.1 Snap joints..............................................................................................................................................58 5.3.2 Deflatable connections ....................................................................................................................59 5.3.3 Tango point holders..........................................................................................................................60 5.4 Innovations regarding the acclimatization of temperature ....................................................61 5.4.1 Trombe wall...........................................................................................................................................61 5.4.2 Humidity driven ground water cooling ...................................................................................62 5.4.3 Rammed salt wall................................................................................................................................62 5.5 Innovations regarding improving the air quality .........................................................................63 5.5.1 Breathing concrete and natural ventilation...........................................................................63 5.5.2 Micro-shingles .....................................................................................................................................64 5.5.3 Titanium dioxide coating ................................................................................................................65 5.6 Innovations regarding insulation properties ..................................................................................66 5.6.1 Active insulation ..................................................................................................................................66 5.6.2 Suspended cavity................................................................................................................................66 5.6.3 Vacu-bam ...............................................................................................................................................68 5.7 Conclusion and useful innovations .....................................................................................................69 6. System analysis........................................................................................................................................................70 6.1 Introduction on the system analysis of living wall systems ....................................................70 6.2 System analysis..............................................................................................................................................72 6.2.1 Minigarden by Minigarden............................................................................................................72 6.2.2 Modulogreen by Mostert de Winter.........................................................................................75 6.2.3 CultiWall by Saint-Gobain Cultilene B.V. ................................................................................77 6.2.4 Flexipanel by Sempergreen ...........................................................................................................80 6.2.5 90 Green by The Vertical Green Company ............................................................................82 6.2.6 Muurtuin by Muurtuin .....................................................................................................................84 6.2.7 Plantwall by Green Fortune ...........................................................................................................86 6.2.8 Wonderwall by Copijn......................................................................................................................88 6.3 Conclusion system analysis .....................................................................................................................90 6.3.1 Comparison systems .........................................................................................................................90 6.3.2 Materials..................................................................................................................................................96 6.3.3 Dimensions of modular elements ..............................................................................................99 8 6.3.4 Other general findings .................................................................................................................. 101 7. Design ....................................................................................................................................................................... 102 7.1 Context ........................................................................................................................................................... 102 7.1.1 The location........................................................................................................................................ 102 7.1.2 The building ....................................................................................................................................... 105 7.1.3 The façade ........................................................................................................................................... 108 7.2 Design boundaries and requirements ............................................................................................ 110 7.2.1 Design requirements ..................................................................................................................... 110 7.2.2 LWS type .............................................................................................................................................. 112 7.2.3 Shape and structure ....................................................................................................................... 113 7.2.4 Materials............................................................................................................................................... 116 7.2.5 Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................... 117 7.3 Design: the Plug ‘n Plant system ....................................................................................................... 119 7.3.1 Introduction of the design and design process ............................................................... 119 7.3.2 The concept and design process ............................................................................................. 119 7.3.3 Final design: The Plug ‘n Plant system.................................................................................. 123 7.3.4 The gutter ............................................................................................................................................ 130 7.3.5 Add-on for improving air-quality ............................................................................................ 131 7.3.6 Add-on for improving the local biodiversity ..................................................................... 133 7.3.7 Add-on for collecting energy................................................................................................... 136 7.4 Details ............................................................................................................................................................. 138 7.5 Model .............................................................................................................................................................. 140 7.6 Checking the requirements and boundaries ............................................................................... 142 7.6.1 Dimensions check............................................................................................................................ 142 7.6.2 Planter box weight check ............................................................................................................ 142 7.6.3 Element weight check ................................................................................................................... 143 7.6.4 System comparison ........................................................................................................................ 145 7.7 Visualizations............................................................................................................................................... 146 8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 148 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 148 8.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 148 8.3 Recommendations.................................................................................................................................... 150 10. Reflection............................................................................................................................................................ 151 11. References.......................................................................................................................................................... 153 Appendix A: LifeCycle Tower Details................................................................................................................... 157 Appendix B: Overview available LWS.................................................................................................................. 160 9