OXFORD ENGLISH MONOGRAPHS General Editors helen barr david bradshaw paulina kewes hermione lee laura marcus david norbrook fiona stafford This page intentionally left blank Modernism and the Rhythms of Sympathy Vernon Lee, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence KIRSTY MARTIN 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Kirsty Martin 2013 Th e moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–967408–4 Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn For my parents: Glyn Martin and Susan Th omson This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements Th is book began as a doctoral thesis completed at the University of Oxford, under the supervision of Sophie Ratcliff e and Christopher Butler. Sophie Ratcliff e supervised the fi rst and the last years of this thesis, as well as providing continuing, substantial support as I revised the thesis for publication. I cannot thank her enough; I am enormously grateful for her kindness, patience, and tact. Christopher Butler provided much-needed support for the project at the very beginning of my doctoral work and supervised the middle year of the thesis. His inspiring and generous supervision helped me to expand the reach of my thesis, and helped me to realize what I wanted to say. I am grateful for the support of Linacre College, Oxford, where I worked on this project fi rst as a graduate student and from 2009 as a Junior Re- search Fellow, and I am also grateful to the fellows and students of Christ Church, Oxford, where I worked on the fi nal stages of this project. Many thanks to everyone who read and commented on this project in its various forms, including Katharina Boehm, Rosalyn Gregory, Benjamin Kohlmann, Helen Small, and my examiners Gillian Beer, and Valentine Cunningham. Th ank you also to everyone who provided support at vari- ous stages along the way, including Mishtooni Bose, Rachel Crossland, Katherine Macklin, Matthew Reynolds and Tom Stainer. Many thanks to my two anonymous readers for the Press and to Jacqueline Baker, Ariane Petit and Rachel Platt, along with everyone who helped me at OUP. Th e book is dedicated to my parents, without whose love and support it would not ever have been possible. Finally, thanks and love to John West for his unwavering, astonishing faith in me, and for everything. Extracts from the following copyrighted works of Virginia Woolf are reprinted by permission of Th e Random House Group Limited: Th e Dia- ries of Virginia Woolf , ed. Anne Olivier Bell, published by Th e Hogarth Press; Th e Essays of Virginia Woolf , ed. Andrew McNeillie, published by Th e Hogarth Press; Th e Letters of Virginia Woolf , ed. by Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann, published by Th e Hogarth Press; Moments of Being , published by Th e Hogarth Press. Extracts from Virginia Woolf’s works are quoted by permission of the Society of Authors as the Literary Representa- tive of the Estate of Virginia Woolf in electronic versions of this book. Extracts from the following works by Virginia Woolf are reprinted by per- mission of Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company: viii Acknowledgements Mrs Dalloway . Copyright 1925 by the Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Pub- lishing Company. Copyright © renewed 1953 by Leonard Woolf. All rights reserved. To the Lighthouse . Copyright 1927 by the Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company. Copyright © renewed 1954 by Leonard Woolf. All rights reserved. Th e Waves . Copyright 1931 by the Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publish- ing Company. Copyright © renewed1959 by Leonard Woolf. All rights reserved. Between the Acts . Copyright 1941 by the Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company. Copyright © renewed 1969 by Leonard Woolf. All rights reserved. Moments of Being . Copyright © 1976 by Quentin Bell and Angelica Garnett. All rights reserved. Th e Diary of Virginia Woolf , volumes 1–5, edited by Anne Olivier Bell. Diary copyright © 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984 by Quentin Bell and Angelica Garnett. All rights reserved. Th e Letters of Virginia Woolf , volumes I–VI, edited by Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann. Letters copyright © 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 by Quentin Bell and Angelica Garnett. All rights reserved. Th e Essays of Virginia Woolf , volumes 1–5, edited by Andrew McNeillie. Text copyright © 1986, 1987, 1989, 1994, by Quentin Bell and Angelica Garnett. All rights reserved. Extracts from the following copyrighted works of D. H. Lawrence are reproduced by permission of Pollinger Limited and the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli: Study of Th omas Hardy and Other Essays , ed. Bruce Steele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1985; Th e Plumed Serpent , ed. L. D. Clark (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1987; W omen in Love , ed. David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey, and John Worthen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1987; Th e Rainbow , ed. Mark Kinkead- Weekes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1989; L ady Chatterley’s Lover , ed. Michael Squires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1993; Th e First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels , ed. Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1999; Late Essays and Articles , ed. James T. Boulton (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 2004) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli Acknowledgements ix 2004; Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious , ed. Bruce Steele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 2004; Th e Letters of D. H. Lawrence ed. James T. Boulton et al., 7 volumes © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1979, 198, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993. An earlier version of parts of my second chapter and Introduction ap- peared in my essay ‘Virginia Woolf, Sympathy and Feeling for the Human’, T owards a New Literary Humanism ed. Andy Mousley (Hound- mills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); this material is reproduced with the permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Aside from all above men- tioned, care has been taken to ensure that quotations fall within the defi - nition of fair dealing for the purposes of criticism. I am grateful to the Archive at the British Institute of Florence, and Colby College Special Collections, Waterville, Maine, for permission to quote from Vernon Lee’s unpublished writing, and to Somerville College, University of Oxford, for permission to quote from letters to Vernon Lee.