yksdfiz;lkfgR;xzUFkekykμ5 Publisher: Registrar Modern Sanskrit Writings Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) in 56-57, Institutional Area, KARNATAKA Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058 Tel. : 28520976 Tel. fax : 28524532 © Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan Author S. Ranganath First Edition : 2009 Edited by (Late) Prof. Achyutanand Dash ISBN : 978-81-86111-21-5 Price : Rs. 95/- RASHTRIYA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN Printed at : DEEMED UNIVERSITY Amar Printing Press NEW DELHI Delhi-110009 yksdfiz;lkfgR;xzUFkekykμ5 Publisher: Registrar Modern Sanskrit Writings Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) in 56-57, Institutional Area, KARNATAKA Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058 Tel. : 28520976 Tel. fax : 28524532 © Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan Author S. Ranganath First Edition : 2009 Edited by (Late) Prof. Achyutanand Dash ISBN : 978-81-86111-21-5 Price : Rs. 95/- RASHTRIYA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN Printed at : DEEMED UNIVERSITY Amar Printing Press NEW DELHI Delhi-110009 ( iv ) overloaded with panegyrics and hyperbolism. There is a shift from versification towards prose, from verbal jugglery towards sim- plicity; and the tendency to cultivate the age-old language of gods as a vehicle for expression of contemporary socio-economic con- ditions. PREFACE Karnataka has produced some of the most outstanding litterateurs of Sanskrit in our times. Galgali Ramachar, Jaggu This work by Ranganath introduces 38 representative au- Vakulabhushana and many others have composed some of the thors from Karnataka belonging to Twentieth Century. They rep- finest specimen of creative pieces that can be a part of the golden resent diverse generations of literary personalities in Sanskrit that treasure of Sanskrit literature. Tradition and modernity go hand in have prominently flourished in the past century. Many of them, hand together in these writings. We can also find a blend of clas- like S. Jagannath and R Ganesh just carved a niche for them- sicism and modernity. C.G.Purushottam, H.V. Nagaraja Rao, R. selves in twentieth century and now they belong to the generation Ganesh and some others have made new experimentations and of most promising Sanskrit authors in this century. have introduced new genres. In a journey through the pages of this monograph, we can The series on Modern Sanskrit Writings in different states feel the changing scenario of contemporary creative writing in was planned under SAP in Sanskrit Department of Dr. H.S Gour Sanskrit. There are interesting works on the family history of University. Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan has undertaken the Pub- Mysore kings, the cities of Karnataka as well as on the holy places and saints of this state. Vi(cid:0)vaguödar(cid:0)acamp(cid:0) of Venka(cid:0)dhvarin, lication of volumes prepared under this series. This is the second volume under the series devoted to contribution of different states composed in seventeenth century AD, has been a trendsetter, which to Modern Sanskrit Writings. The first volume by Arum Ranjan presented a critique of Indian milieu. Venka(cid:0)dhvarin has encom- Mishra was devoted to the contribution of Orissa. Other volumes passed the whole peninsula in its diversity and plurality. Many of are also in planning. We hope that this series will bring out a com- the authors of our age in Sanskrit envisage this broad spectrum. It prehensive picture of perspectives of contemporary creativity in is interesting to note that a Sanskrit author from Karnataka Nirpaje Sanskrit during the past two centuries. Bhimbhatta, composed works like K(cid:0)m(cid:0)rasandhana- samudyama– presenting a resume of Kashmir problem, and Haidarbda-vijaya on satygraha during British regime at ÑRadhavallabh Tripathi Hyderabad. Vice Chancellor Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan Through this work, we can also understand some of the (Deemed University) nuances and tendencies of present day Sanskrit writings. Gandhism New Delhi has cast an everlasting impact on Sanskrit writings of this age. Realism gets the upper hand. The spark of prose, as a vehicle of modern sensibility is slowly replacing the repetitive versification, ( iv ) overloaded with panegyrics and hyperbolism. There is a shift from versification towards prose, from verbal jugglery towards sim- plicity; and the tendency to cultivate the age-old language of gods as a vehicle for expression of contemporary socio-economic con- ditions. PREFACE Karnataka has produced some of the most outstanding litterateurs of Sanskrit in our times. Galgali Ramachar, Jaggu This work by Ranganath introduces 38 representative au- Vakulabhushana and many others have composed some of the thors from Karnataka belonging to Twentieth Century. They rep- finest specimen of creative pieces that can be a part of the golden resent diverse generations of literary personalities in Sanskrit that treasure of Sanskrit literature. Tradition and modernity go hand in have prominently flourished in the past century. Many of them, hand together in these writings. We can also find a blend of clas- like S. Jagannath and R Ganesh just carved a niche for them- sicism and modernity. C.G.Purushottam, H.V. Nagaraja Rao, R. selves in twentieth century and now they belong to the generation Ganesh and some others have made new experimentations and of most promising Sanskrit authors in this century. have introduced new genres. In a journey through the pages of this monograph, we can The series on Modern Sanskrit Writings in different states feel the changing scenario of contemporary creative writing in was planned under SAP in Sanskrit Department of Dr. H.S Gour Sanskrit. There are interesting works on the family history of University. Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan has undertaken the Pub- Mysore kings, the cities of Karnataka as well as on the holy places and saints of this state. Vi(cid:0)vaguödar(cid:0)acamp(cid:0) of Venka(cid:0)dhvarin, lication of volumes prepared under this series. This is the second volume under the series devoted to contribution of different states composed in seventeenth century AD, has been a trendsetter, which to Modern Sanskrit Writings. The first volume by Arum Ranjan presented a critique of Indian milieu. Venka(cid:0)dhvarin has encom- Mishra was devoted to the contribution of Orissa. Other volumes passed the whole peninsula in its diversity and plurality. Many of are also in planning. We hope that this series will bring out a com- the authors of our age in Sanskrit envisage this broad spectrum. It prehensive picture of perspectives of contemporary creativity in is interesting to note that a Sanskrit author from Karnataka Nirpaje Sanskrit during the past two centuries. Bhimbhatta, composed works like K(cid:0)m(cid:0)rasandhana- samudyama– presenting a resume of Kashmir problem, and Haidarbda-vijaya on satygraha during British regime at ÑRadhavallabh Tripathi Hyderabad. Vice Chancellor Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan Through this work, we can also understand some of the (Deemed University) nuances and tendencies of present day Sanskrit writings. Gandhism New Delhi has cast an everlasting impact on Sanskrit writings of this age. Realism gets the upper hand. The spark of prose, as a vehicle of modern sensibility is slowly replacing the repetitive versification, ( vi ) The Oriental Manuscript Library was founded at Mysore during the reign of Queen Victoria (1887). The curator of this Library, Mahâmahopâdhyâya Shama Sastry brought out the monumental work Kau(cid:0)ilya’s Arthúâstra. Founded in 1916, the University of Mysore was the sixth University of India, and the INTRODUCTION first University under a princely state in the country. This univer- sity has produced eminent savants like Sarvapalli Dr. The state of Karnataka is situated in the Southern part of Radhakrishnan, one of the most outstanding philosophers of mod- India. Prior to 1973, it was known by the name of Mysore, its ern India; as well as Prof. M. Hiriyanna. The Outlines of Indian capital city. Presently the city of Mysore is famous on interna- Philosphy by Prof. M. Hiriyanna is an essential work for the stu- tional map as the city of gardens as well as the silicon city of India. dents of Indian Philosophy. Amongst the patrons of Sanskrit schol- With its pleasantly moderate climate and a rich cultural heritage, arship, the name of Sri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar, the Maharaja of the state of Karnataka is also known for the pomp and show of Mysore is worth mentioning. He published major purâöas with the traditional Dushera (Vijyâdaúamî) festival. The Mahrjas of their Kannada translation. ôgveda Samhitâ with Sâyaöabhâ(cid:0)ya, Mysore have been great patrons of arts, literature and úâstraic edited by a group of 35 scholars, was brought out in 35 volumes. learning. The farsighted Deewans like Deewan Rangadhar, Sesadri Yogavâúi(cid:0)tha was translated into Kannada by Devadu Narsimha Iyer, Mirza Ismail and others also promoted the intellectual tradi- Shastry under the patronage of King Jayachamaraja Wodeyar. tions within the state. The state of Karnataka has been the moth- Wodeyar himself being a scholar, wrote a work on Dattâtreya in erland of a genius like Bharataratna Sir M. Visvesvaraih and Nobel English. It was under his patronage that Mahâmahopâdhyâya laureate Sir C.V. Raman. The accomplishments of the former in Lakshmipuram Srinivasacharya created his classics like the field of irrigation technology ushered an era of modernity in Darúanodayam, Mânameya-rahasya-lokavârtikam and so on. this land, whereas the latter made immense contribution to the Sringeri Sharadapeeth was established in this state by study of sciences. In the field of literature also, the state has pro- êaºkarâcârya. Sureúvarâcârya the author of B¨hadâröyakabhâ(cid:0) duced seven Gyanpith Awardes, like K. V. Puttappa (popularly yavârtika, Taittirîtabhâ(cid:0)yavârtika and Nai(cid:0)karmyasiddhi was known as Kuvempu), D. R. Bendre, Shivram Karanth, Masti the first pontiff of this great seat of learning in Advaita Philosophy. Venkatesh Iyengar, V. K. Gokak, U. R. Ananthamurthi and Girish During the course of time, this peetha has produced savants Karnad. like Saccidânanda êivâbhinava N¨simhabhâratî Svâmî, Mysore has been a great seat of Sanskrit learning. The Chandrasekhara Bhâratî Svâmî, Abhinava Vidyâtîrtha Svâmî, Emperors under the dynasties of Gaºga, Cola, Hoysala and Bhâratîtîrtha Svâmî. They have been epitomes of erudition and Vijayanagar etc. patronized and promoted pundits by bestowing spiritual values. The Sanskrit commentary of Candraúekhara agºahâras and providing grants for the temples. Mysore grew to Bhâratî Svâmî on êaºkarâcârya’s Vivekacûâmaöi is the only a be great center of Carnatak music, and at the same time the rulers pointer in this direction. did not lag behind in encouraging the growth of Hindustani music. ( vi ) The Oriental Manuscript Library was founded at Mysore during the reign of Queen Victoria (1887). The curator of this Library, Mahâmahopâdhyâya Shama Sastry brought out the monumental work Kau(cid:0)ilya’s Arthúâstra. Founded in 1916, the University of Mysore was the sixth University of India, and the INTRODUCTION first University under a princely state in the country. This univer- sity has produced eminent savants like Sarvapalli Dr. The state of Karnataka is situated in the Southern part of Radhakrishnan, one of the most outstanding philosophers of mod- India. Prior to 1973, it was known by the name of Mysore, its ern India; as well as Prof. M. Hiriyanna. The Outlines of Indian capital city. Presently the city of Mysore is famous on interna- Philosphy by Prof. M. Hiriyanna is an essential work for the stu- tional map as the city of gardens as well as the silicon city of India. dents of Indian Philosophy. Amongst the patrons of Sanskrit schol- With its pleasantly moderate climate and a rich cultural heritage, arship, the name of Sri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar, the Maharaja of the state of Karnataka is also known for the pomp and show of Mysore is worth mentioning. He published major purâöas with the traditional Dushera (Vijyâdaúamî) festival. The Mahrjas of their Kannada translation. ôgveda Samhitâ with Sâyaöabhâ(cid:0)ya, Mysore have been great patrons of arts, literature and úâstraic edited by a group of 35 scholars, was brought out in 35 volumes. learning. The farsighted Deewans like Deewan Rangadhar, Sesadri Yogavâúi(cid:0)tha was translated into Kannada by Devadu Narsimha Iyer, Mirza Ismail and others also promoted the intellectual tradi- Shastry under the patronage of King Jayachamaraja Wodeyar. tions within the state. The state of Karnataka has been the moth- Wodeyar himself being a scholar, wrote a work on Dattâtreya in erland of a genius like Bharataratna Sir M. Visvesvaraih and Nobel English. It was under his patronage that Mahâmahopâdhyâya laureate Sir C.V. Raman. The accomplishments of the former in Lakshmipuram Srinivasacharya created his classics like the field of irrigation technology ushered an era of modernity in Darúanodayam, Mânameya-rahasya-lokavârtikam and so on. this land, whereas the latter made immense contribution to the Sringeri Sharadapeeth was established in this state by study of sciences. In the field of literature also, the state has pro- êaºkarâcârya. Sureúvarâcârya the author of B¨hadâröyakabhâ(cid:0) duced seven Gyanpith Awardes, like K. V. Puttappa (popularly yavârtika, Taittirîtabhâ(cid:0)yavârtika and Nai(cid:0)karmyasiddhi was known as Kuvempu), D. R. Bendre, Shivram Karanth, Masti the first pontiff of this great seat of learning in Advaita Philosophy. Venkatesh Iyengar, V. K. Gokak, U. R. Ananthamurthi and Girish During the course of time, this peetha has produced savants Karnad. like Saccidânanda êivâbhinava N¨simhabhâratî Svâmî, Mysore has been a great seat of Sanskrit learning. The Chandrasekhara Bhâratî Svâmî, Abhinava Vidyâtîrtha Svâmî, Emperors under the dynasties of Gaºga, Cola, Hoysala and Bhâratîtîrtha Svâmî. They have been epitomes of erudition and Vijayanagar etc. patronized and promoted pundits by bestowing spiritual values. The Sanskrit commentary of Candraúekhara agºahâras and providing grants for the temples. Mysore grew to Bhâratî Svâmî on êaºkarâcârya’s Vivekacûâmaöi is the only a be great center of Carnatak music, and at the same time the rulers pointer in this direction. did not lag behind in encouraging the growth of Hindustani music. ( vii ) ( viii ) Be it critical writing or literary creations or translations (born on 20.10.1891) to R. Ganesh (born on 4.12.1962). There from Sanskrit in Karnataka, literary traditions have ever been zeal- are authors whose date / year of birth could not be conformed, I ously persued in Karnataka. have kept them under the section miscelleneous. This work high- lights the contributions of poets who have been honoured with Karnataka has also been a great seat of learning in Dvaita Sahitya Akademi Award by the National Academy of letters, or Philosophy. Mâdhvâcârya (1238-1317 AD) was the founder of have been conferred the President's certificate of honour or the Dvaita system. He not only wrote commentaries on ten principal title of Mahâmahopâddhyâya by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Upani(cid:0)ads, êrîmad-bhagavadgîtâ and Brahmasûtra; but also New Delhi. Jaggu Vakul Bhushana, author of more than 60 works commneted upon the first forty hymns of ôgvda, and composed in various genres; Galagali Ramachar, the editor of Madhuravâöî, an abridged version of the Mâhbhârata in verse form. He also Kadur Krishna Jois, Ranganatha Sarma, K.T.Pandurangi, wrote notes and comments on Bhâgavata, the Daúaprakaraöas Pandarinathacharya Galagali, Paraddi Mallikarjuna, H.V.Nagaraja or ten philosophical monographs expounding the logic and meta- Rao, Ramakrishna Bhatta and êatâvadhânî Ganesh are a few to physics of Dvaita system. His critical exposition of the Brahmasûtra mention amongst them. is one of the greatest works in the realm of Indian philosophy. The contemporary Sanskrit poets of Karnataka have Contrary to popular beleif, there is an astonishing quality inculcated the spirit of realism in their writings by depicting the of creative upsurge of writing in Sanskrit today. Modern Sanskrit social evils like dowry, bribery, corruption, unemployment and so writing is qualitatively of such high order that it can easily be treated on. They have also suggested possible and plausible solutions of on par with the best of Classical Sanskrit literature, It can also these evils. H.V. Narayana Shastry’s Guöapar(cid:0)k·aöam, H.V. easily compete with the writings in other Indian languages. The Nagraja Rao(cid:31) sDŒmpatyakalahaú, Ganehs(cid:31) sAnve·aöam are enormous quantity of the published works in Sanskrit composed pointers in this direction. during the past two centuries encompasses all forms of literature. An attempt is being made in the present monograph to account Patriotism and nationalism also occupy a significant trend and evaluate the contribution of Karnataka to Twentieth Century of modern Sanskrit poetry wherein we find works being com- Sanskrit literature, which convincingly disproves the criticism that posed on religious saints and national leaders like Basavanna, Sanskrit is a dead language. It will hopefully serve as a ready VidyŒraöya, Mahatma Gandhi, Sivakumara Swamiji (the present reckoner for the researchers on modern Sanskrit wriitngs. pontiff of Siddha Ganga Mutt BhŒrat(cid:0)ya-de§abhakta-caritam and so on. BasavabhŒskarodayaú - an epic on Basavanna by Paraddi The methodology uniformly employed in this book is first Mallikarjuna, VidyŒraöyakathŒtaraögiöi, Gandh(cid:0)(cid:0)op(cid:0)lahar(cid:0) and to state the author’s date of birth, his family, his qualifications, an Gandh(cid:0)vaibhavam by Galagali Ramachar and K.S.Nagrajan account of his creative or critical writngs as well as the honours or SiddhagaºgŒyŒh êuddhachetana by H.V.Nagraja Rao, laurels which he might have received and an assessment of his BhŒratavaibhavam and Bharat(cid:0)yade§abhakticaritam by overall contribution to literature. The work is devided into nine K.S.Nagrajan are some examples in establishing contemporanity chapters pertaining to nine decades during which the authors taken of Sanskrit writings in Karnataka. up here were born. Thus the work stretches from Jaggu Singararya ( vii ) ( viii ) Be it critical writing or literary creations or translations (born on 20.10.1891) to R. Ganesh (born on 4.12.1962). There from Sanskrit in Karnataka, literary traditions have ever been zeal- are authors whose date / year of birth could not be conformed, I ously persued in Karnataka. have kept them under the section miscelleneous. This work high- lights the contributions of poets who have been honoured with Karnataka has also been a great seat of learning in Dvaita Sahitya Akademi Award by the National Academy of letters, or Philosophy. Mâdhvâcârya (1238-1317 AD) was the founder of have been conferred the President's certificate of honour or the Dvaita system. He not only wrote commentaries on ten principal title of Mahâmahopâddhyâya by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Upani(cid:0)ads, êrîmad-bhagavadgîtâ and Brahmasûtra; but also New Delhi. Jaggu Vakul Bhushana, author of more than 60 works commneted upon the first forty hymns of ôgvda, and composed in various genres; Galagali Ramachar, the editor of Madhuravâöî, an abridged version of the Mâhbhârata in verse form. He also Kadur Krishna Jois, Ranganatha Sarma, K.T.Pandurangi, wrote notes and comments on Bhâgavata, the Daúaprakaraöas Pandarinathacharya Galagali, Paraddi Mallikarjuna, H.V.Nagaraja or ten philosophical monographs expounding the logic and meta- Rao, Ramakrishna Bhatta and êatâvadhânî Ganesh are a few to physics of Dvaita system. His critical exposition of the Brahmasûtra mention amongst them. is one of the greatest works in the realm of Indian philosophy. The contemporary Sanskrit poets of Karnataka have Contrary to popular beleif, there is an astonishing quality inculcated the spirit of realism in their writings by depicting the of creative upsurge of writing in Sanskrit today. Modern Sanskrit social evils like dowry, bribery, corruption, unemployment and so writing is qualitatively of such high order that it can easily be treated on. They have also suggested possible and plausible solutions of on par with the best of Classical Sanskrit literature, It can also these evils. H.V. Narayana Shastry’s Guöapar(cid:0)k·aöam, H.V. easily compete with the writings in other Indian languages. The Nagraja Rao(cid:31) sDŒmpatyakalahaú, Ganehs(cid:31) sAnve·aöam are enormous quantity of the published works in Sanskrit composed pointers in this direction. during the past two centuries encompasses all forms of literature. An attempt is being made in the present monograph to account Patriotism and nationalism also occupy a significant trend and evaluate the contribution of Karnataka to Twentieth Century of modern Sanskrit poetry wherein we find works being com- Sanskrit literature, which convincingly disproves the criticism that posed on religious saints and national leaders like Basavanna, Sanskrit is a dead language. It will hopefully serve as a ready VidyŒraöya, Mahatma Gandhi, Sivakumara Swamiji (the present reckoner for the researchers on modern Sanskrit wriitngs. pontiff of Siddha Ganga Mutt BhŒrat(cid:0)ya-de§abhakta-caritam and so on. BasavabhŒskarodayaú - an epic on Basavanna by Paraddi The methodology uniformly employed in this book is first Mallikarjuna, VidyŒraöyakathŒtaraögiöi, Gandh(cid:0)(cid:0)op(cid:0)lahar(cid:0) and to state the author’s date of birth, his family, his qualifications, an Gandh(cid:0)vaibhavam by Galagali Ramachar and K.S.Nagrajan account of his creative or critical writngs as well as the honours or SiddhagaºgŒyŒh êuddhachetana by H.V.Nagraja Rao, laurels which he might have received and an assessment of his BhŒratavaibhavam and Bharat(cid:0)yade§abhakticaritam by overall contribution to literature. The work is devided into nine K.S.Nagrajan are some examples in establishing contemporanity chapters pertaining to nine decades during which the authors taken of Sanskrit writings in Karnataka. up here were born. Thus the work stretches from Jaggu Singararya ( ix ) ( x ) Modern poets have been successfully experimenting with wise sayings of mystic poet Kabir under the title “Kab(cid:0)ra-s(cid:0)kti- new forms and genres like, sonnet, Haiku, blank verse etc. Ganesh’s mauktikaml”. Five short stories of Premchand, one of the great êaökaravivek(cid:0)yam is a dual poem (dvisandhnakvya) and masters of modern short story literature, have been rendered into Antaúkntiú is a novel in blank verse. It depicts the last day of Sanskrit by H.V. Nagaraj Rao. Viveknanda. Saugandhik is a collection of sonnets in blank verse These translations successfully bring out the capability of imbibing the alien tone of blank verse, Citraculik is a vivid testi- Sanskrit to become a vehicle of modern thought and ideology. mony of Citrakvya. Ganesh is known for his extempore poetic Contribution of traditional pundits to modern Sanskrit writing is composition ((cid:0)ukavitva) and is also successful in composing no less important. In this regard mention may be made of the citrakvyas impromptu during his A·(cid:0)vadhna and êatvadhna traditional families of ‘Galagali’ and ‘Jaggu’. The former is repre- programmes, thus proving the point on hand that modern Sanskrit sented by Galgali Ramachar and Pandarinathachaya Galgali and poets have come out of their narrow traditional regimentation and the latter by Jaggu Shingararya and Jaggu Vakulabhushana. have been successful in imbibing contemporary trends in their compositions. I hope this work will be useful for the researchers and layman alike and will corroborate the fact that Sanskrit is still func- Travelogues are also not lagging behind in the contempo- tioning as a vibrant and potential creative force. rary scenario. H. V. Nagaraj Rao’s êraddar(cid:0)anam describes his visit to êringer(cid:0). Translations have become essential in a multi- lingual country like India and they undoubtedly form a major part of contemporary Indian literature. Many works have been re- cently rendered from regional languages into Sanskrit. The plays by J(cid:0)nap(cid:0)tha awardee Shri Kuvempu have been translated into Sanskrit by C. G. Purushottam in his “Kuvempu-n(cid:0)aka-cakram” Subbanna, one of the most powerful novels in contemporary In- dian literature by another J(cid:0)nap(cid:0)(cid:0)ha awardee Masti Venkatesh Iyengar, has been beautifully presented in Sanskrit under the title Subaööa by Venkatesha Shastri. The Vacanas of Sarvaj(cid:0)a have been translated by K. T. Pandurangi and C. G. Purushottam as “Sarvaj(cid:0)a-vacanni”, while Basavaööa’s vacanas have been trans- lated as Basava-vacanm¨tam” by Paraddi Mallikarjuna. S. L. Bhairappa is one of the most outstanding novelists of present era. Of his novels, êrtha has been rendered by H. V. Nagaraja Rao, Âvarana by H.R. Vishwas and Dharma(cid:0)r(cid:0) by Janardan Hegde. Translations from Hindi have also been attempted by San- skrit writers of Karnatraka. Paraddi Mallikarjun thus presents the ( ix ) ( x ) Modern poets have been successfully experimenting with wise sayings of mystic poet Kabir under the title “Kab(cid:0)ra-s(cid:0)kti- new forms and genres like, sonnet, Haiku, blank verse etc. Ganesh’s mauktikaml”. Five short stories of Premchand, one of the great êaökaravivek(cid:0)yam is a dual poem (dvisandhnakvya) and masters of modern short story literature, have been rendered into Antaúkntiú is a novel in blank verse. It depicts the last day of Sanskrit by H.V. Nagaraj Rao. Viveknanda. Saugandhik is a collection of sonnets in blank verse These translations successfully bring out the capability of imbibing the alien tone of blank verse, Citraculik is a vivid testi- Sanskrit to become a vehicle of modern thought and ideology. mony of Citrakvya. Ganesh is known for his extempore poetic Contribution of traditional pundits to modern Sanskrit writing is composition ((cid:0)ukavitva) and is also successful in composing no less important. In this regard mention may be made of the citrakvyas impromptu during his A·(cid:0)vadhna and êatvadhna traditional families of ‘Galagali’ and ‘Jaggu’. The former is repre- programmes, thus proving the point on hand that modern Sanskrit sented by Galgali Ramachar and Pandarinathachaya Galgali and poets have come out of their narrow traditional regimentation and the latter by Jaggu Shingararya and Jaggu Vakulabhushana. have been successful in imbibing contemporary trends in their compositions. I hope this work will be useful for the researchers and layman alike and will corroborate the fact that Sanskrit is still func- Travelogues are also not lagging behind in the contempo- tioning as a vibrant and potential creative force. rary scenario. H. V. Nagaraj Rao’s êraddar(cid:0)anam describes his visit to êringer(cid:0). Translations have become essential in a multi- lingual country like India and they undoubtedly form a major part of contemporary Indian literature. Many works have been re- cently rendered from regional languages into Sanskrit. The plays by J(cid:0)nap(cid:0)tha awardee Shri Kuvempu have been translated into Sanskrit by C. G. Purushottam in his “Kuvempu-n(cid:0)aka-cakram” Subbanna, one of the most powerful novels in contemporary In- dian literature by another J(cid:0)nap(cid:0)(cid:0)ha awardee Masti Venkatesh Iyengar, has been beautifully presented in Sanskrit under the title Subaööa by Venkatesha Shastri. The Vacanas of Sarvaj(cid:0)a have been translated by K. T. Pandurangi and C. G. Purushottam as “Sarvaj(cid:0)a-vacanni”, while Basavaööa’s vacanas have been trans- lated as Basava-vacanm¨tam” by Paraddi Mallikarjuna. S. L. Bhairappa is one of the most outstanding novelists of present era. Of his novels, êrtha has been rendered by H. V. Nagaraja Rao, Âvarana by H.R. Vishwas and Dharma(cid:0)r(cid:0) by Janardan Hegde. Translations from Hindi have also been attempted by San- skrit writers of Karnatraka. Paraddi Mallikarjun thus presents the