Modern Research Topics in Aerospace Propulsion G. Angelino L. De Luca W.A. Sirignano Editors Modern Research Topics in Aerospace Propulsion In Honor of Corrado Casci With 201 Illustrations Springer Science+Business Media, LLC G. Angelino L. DeLuca W.A. Sirignano Politecnico di Milano Politecnico di Milano Dean, School of Engineering Dipartimento di Energetica Dipartimento di Energetica University of Califomia Italy Italy Irvine, CA 92717 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Modem research topics in aerospace propulsion : in honor of Corrado Casci / G. Angelino, L. De Luca, W.A. Sirignano, editors. p. CIn. Inc1udes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4612-6956-4 ISBN 978-1-4612-0945-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0945-4 1. Jet propulsion. I. Casci, Corrado. 11. Angelino, G. (Gianfranco) III. De Luca, L. IV. Sirignano, W.A. TL709.M63 1991 629.132'38-dc20 90-19778 CIP Printed on acid-free paper. © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York in 1991 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission ofthe Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, except for brief ex cerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by simi lar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting, Ltd., Hong Kong. 9 8 7 6 543 2 1 ISBN 978-1-4612-6956-4 Preface This volume, published in honor of Professor Corrado Casci, celebrates the life of a very distinguished international figure devoted to sCientific study, research, teaching, and leadership. The numerous contributions of Corrado CasCi are widely admired by scientists and engineers around the globe. He has been an impressive model and outstanding colleague to many researchers. Unfortunately, only a few of them could be invited to contribute to this honorific volume. Everyone of the invited contributors responded with enthusiasm. v Corrado Casci Contents Preface... .. ...... . .... .. .. ....... ... ..... ... ......... . ..... v Contributors ................................................ IX Curriculum Vitae ............................................ Xl Publications of Corrado Casci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xix I. Combustion 1. Mechanics of Turbulent Flow in Combustors for Premixed Gases ................................. 3 A.K. OPPENHEIM 2. A Pore-Structure-Independent Combustion Model for Porous Media with Application to Graphite Oxidation 19 M.B. RICHARDS AND S.S. PENNER 3. Stabilization of Hydrogen-Air Flames in Supersonic Flow. . 37 G. WINTERFELD 4. Thermodynamics of Refractory Material Formation by Combustion Techniques .......................... 49 I. GLASSMAN, K. BREZINSKY, AND K.A. DAVIS 5. Catalytic Combustion Processes ...................... 63 A.P. GLASKOVA 6. Stability of Ignition Transients of Reactive Solid Mixtures 83 V.E. ZARKO 7. Combustion Modeling and Stability of Double-Base Solid Rocket Propellants .................................. 109 L. DE LUCA AND L. GALFETTI 8. Combustion Instabilities and Rayleigh's Criterion 135 F.E.C. CULICK II. Liquid Sprays 9. On the Anisotropy of Drop and Particle Velocity Fluctuations in Two-Phase Round Gas Jets ............. 155 A. TOMBOULIDES, M.l ANDREWS, AND F.V. BRACCO vii viii Contents 10. Unsteady, Spherically-Symmetric Flame Propagation Through Multicomponent Fuel Spray Clouds ........... 173 G. CONTINILLO AND W.A. SIRIGNANO III. Computational Fluid Dynamics 11. Efficient Solution of Compressible Internal Flows ........ 201 M. NAPOLITANO AND P. DE PALMA 12. An Upwind Formulation for Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows .............................. 213 M. PANDOLFI AND S. BORRELLI 13. Numerical Methodologies for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations for Two-Phase Flows .......... 227 F. GRASSO AND V. MAGI IV. Turbomachinery and Power Cycles 14. Convective Heat Transfer with Film Cooling Around a Rotor Blade ...................................... 253 T. ARTS 15. Unsteady Flow in Axial Flow Compressors ............. 275 F.A.E. BREUGELMANS 16. Organic Working Fluid Optimization for Space Power Cycles ...................................... 297 G. ANGELINO, C. INVERNIZZI, AND E. MACCHI V. Flight Dynamics 17. Highly Loaded Turbines for Space Applications: Rotor Flow Analysis and Performance Evaluation ....... 329 F. BASSI, C. OSNAGHI, AND A. PERDICHIZZI 18. Perspectives on Wind Shear Flight ............... . . . . .. 355 A. MIELE, T. WANG, AND G.D. Wu Contributors Andrews, M.J., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Angelino, G., Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. Arts, T., von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chaussee de Waterloo, 72 B-1640 Rhode Saint Genese, Belgium. Bassi, F., Istituto di Macchine, Universita di Catania, Italy. Borrelli, S., Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali, Capua, Italy. Bracco, F.V., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Prince ton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Breugelmans, F.A.E., Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chaussee de Waterloo, 72 B-1640 Rhode Saint Genese, Belgium. Brezinsky, K., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Continillo, G., Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy. Culick, F.E.C., Karmen Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Jet Propulsion, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Davis, K.A., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. De Palma P., Istituto di Macchine ed Energetica, Universita di Bari, Via De David 200, 70125 Bari, Italy. De Luca, L., Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano and CNPMj CNR Laboratories, 32 Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 20133 Milano, Italy. Galfetti, L., Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano and CNPMj CNR Laboratories, 32 Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 20133 Milano, Italy. Glaskova, A.P., Soviet Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow 117334, USSR. Glassman, I., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Prince ton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Grasso, F., Dipartimento di Meccanica e Aeronautica, Universita di Roma "La Sapienza," 00184 Roma, Italy. ix x Contributors Invernizzi, c., Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Universita di Brescia, via Diogene Valotti 9, 25060 Brescia, Italy. Macchi, E., Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. Magi, V., Istituto di Macchine ed Energetica, Universita di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy. Miele, A., Aero-Astronautics Group, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77252 USA. Napolitano, M., Istituto di Macchine ed Energetica, Universita di Bari, Via De David 200, 70125 Bari, Italy. Oppenheim, AX., Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Cali fornia, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Osnaghi, c., Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 20133 Milano, Italy. Pandolfi, M., Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aeronautica e Spaziale, Politec nico di Torino, Torino, Italy. Penner, S.S., Center for Energy and Combustion Research, Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Perdichizzi, A., Dipartimento di Meccanica, Universita di Brescia, Via Dio gene Valotti 9, 25060 Brescia, Italy. Richards, M.B., Center for Energy and Combustion Research, Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Sirignano, W.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cali fornia, Irvine, CA 92717, USA. Tomboulides, A., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Wang, T., Aero-Astronautics Group, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77252 USA. Winterfe1d, G., DFVLR, Institut fUr Antriebstechnik, 5000 Kaln 90, FRG. Wu, G.D., Aero-Astronautics Group, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77252 USA. Zarko, V.E., Soviet Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Institute of Chemi cal Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. Curriculum Vitae Corrado Casci was born in Pavia during World War I, on 19 February 1917, of Tuscan parents. His father came from Casentino and was a draughtsman in the Civil Engineers. Casci's childhood was spent in Pavia, which he left to go to Arezzo on the 22d of December 1922. This city and its surroundings played an important role in developing the moral, cultural, and religious principles already instilled by his parents. When he speaks, in that voice with its light Tuscan undertones, one hears echoes of those teachers who gave him his deep philosophical, historical, literary, and scientific knowledge: "Casen tino and Pavia are to me the places to which my soul belongs, the reserves of smells and tastes of my childhood and youth, the age when fundamental and critical choices are made." In 1936, he graduated brilliantly from high school and won a place at the Collegio Ghislieri in Pavia for Lombardy university students, a college re nowned for its high scholastic standards where students "pay" for the period spent there with success in their chosen studies. He enrolled in the introduc tory two-year course of studies at the Faculty of Engineering even though he had, until the very last moment, been considering the Faculty of Medicine. In 1938, having completed this two-year course in Pavia, he enrolled in the third year of Applied Engineering at the University of Pisa, graduating at the end of June 1941 with honors in Mechanical Engineering. Some results of his thesis, displaying great original thought, were used in several publications. But in that summer of 1941, Europe was in flames. Starting in the ranks as a private in the artillery, he went on to become an officer in the air force. Having won a ministerial bursary, he attended the School of Aeronautical Engineering at the Politecnico in Turin, directed by Prof. Modesto Panetti, where Casci obtained his second degree, in aeronautical engineering, again graduating with honors. He was then given the rank-as were Luigi Crocco, Antonio Ferri, and Luigi Broglio-oflieutenant in the Aeronautic Engineers and was appointed assistant and researcher of propulsion problems at the same school. It was in this period that he began dealing with space propulsion, using as guidelines the works of H. Obert and E. Sanger. During this time he became xi