ebook img

Modern Optical Spectroscopy: From Fundamentals to Applications in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics PDF

653 Pages·2023·18.19 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Modern Optical Spectroscopy: From Fundamentals to Applications in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics

William W. Parson Clemens Burda Modern Optical Spectroscopy From Fundamentals to Applications in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics Third Edition Modern Optical Spectroscopy William W. Parson (cid:129) Clemens Burda Modern Optical Spectroscopy From Fundamentals to Applications in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics Third Edition WilliamW.Parson ClemensBurda DepartmentofBiochemistry DepartmentofChemistry UniversityofWashington CaseWesternReserveUniversity Seattle,WA,USA Cleveland,OH,USA ISBN978-3-031-17221-2 ISBN978-3-031-17222-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17222-9 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicencetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2007,2015,2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Cover Illustration: The reaction center and surrounding LH1 antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacteriumRhodobactersphaeroides(Tani,K.,etal.,Nat.Commun.12,6300(2021)). ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 TheBeer-LambertLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 RegionsoftheElectromagneticSpectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 AbsorptionSpectraofProteinsandNucleicAcids. . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 AbsorptionSpectraofMixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6 ThePhotoelectricEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7 TechniquesforMeasuringAbsorbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.8 Pump-ProbeandPhoton-EchoExperiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.9 LinearandCircularDichroism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.10 DistortionsofAbsorptionSpectrabyLightScatteringor NonuniformDistributionsoftheAbsorbingMolecules. . . . . . 18 1.11 Fluorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.12 IRandRamanSpectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.13 Lasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.14 Nomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.15 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2 BasicConceptsofQuantumMechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1 Wavefunctions,OperatorsandExpectationValues. . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.1 Wavefunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.2 OperatorsandExpectationValues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 TheTime-DependentandTime-IndependentSchrödinger Equations. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.2.1 SuperpositionStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.3 SpatialWavefunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3.1 AFreeParticle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.3.2 AParticleinaBox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.3.3 TheHarmonicOscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.3.4 AtomicOrbitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3.5 MolecularOrbitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.3.6 WavefunctionsforLargeSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 vv vi Contents 2.4 SpinWavefunctionsandSingletandTripletStates. . . . . . . . . 69 2.5 TransitionsBetweenStates:Time-DependentPerturbation Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.6 LifetimesofStatesandtheUncertaintyPrinciple. . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.7 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3 Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.1 ElectromagneticFields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.1.1 ElectrostaticForcesandFields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.1.2 ElectrostaticPotentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.1.3 ElectromagneticRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.1.4 EnergyDensityandIrradiance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.1.5 ElectromagneticMomentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.2 TheBlack-BodyRadiationLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.3 LinearandCircularPolarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.4 QuantumTheoryofElectromagneticRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3.5 SuperpositionStatesandInterferenceEffectsinQuantum Optics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.6 Refraction,EvanescentRadiation,andSurfacePlasmons. . . . . 115 3.7 TheClassicalTheoryofDielectricDispersion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3.8 NonlinearOptics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.9 BirefringenceandElectro-OpticEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3.10 OpticalWavepacketsandMode-LockedLasers. . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.11 Local-FieldCorrectionFactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.12 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 4 ElectronicAbsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.1 InteractionsofElectronswithOscillatingElectricFields. . . . . 137 4.2 TheRatesofAbsorptionandStimulatedEmission. . . . . . . . . . 142 4.3 TransitionDipolesandDipoleStrengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.4 CalculatingTransitionDipolesforπ MolecularOrbitals. . . . . . 156 4.5 TheRoleofMolecularSymmetryinElectronicTransitions. . . 158 4.6 UsingGroupTheorytoDetermineWhetheraTransitionIs AllowedbySymmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 4.7 LinearDichroism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4.8 ConfigurationInteractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 4.9 CalculatingElectricTransitionDipoleswiththeGradient Operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.10 TransitionDipolesforExcitationstoSingletandTriplet States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 4.11 TheBorn-OppenheimerApproximation,Franck-Condon Factors,andtheShapesofElectronicAbsorptionBands. . . . . 195 4.12 SpectroscopicHoleBurning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Contents vii 4.13 EffectsoftheSurroundingsonMolecularTransition Energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.14 TheElectronicStarkEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 4.15 SpectroscopyofTransition-MetalComplexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 4.16 ThermodynamicsofPhotoexcitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 4.17 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 5 Fluorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 5.1 TheEinsteinCoefficientsforAbsorptionandEmission. . . . . . 245 5.2 TheStokesShift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 5.3 TheMirror-imageLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 5.4 TheStrickler-BergEquationandOtherRelationshipsBetween AbsorptionandFluorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 5.5 QuantumTheoryofAbsorptionandEmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 5.6 FluorescenceYieldsandLifetimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 5.7 FluorescentProbesandTags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 5.8 QuantumDotFluorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 5.9 Photobleaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 5.10 FluorescenceAnisotropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 5.11 Single-moleculeFluorescenceandHigh-resolution FluorescenceMicroscopy.. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 284 5.12 FluorescenceCorrelationSpectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 5.13 IntersystemCrossing,Phosphorescence,andDelayed Fluorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 5.14 ElectronTransferfromExcitedMolecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 5.15 SolarCellsandLight-emittingDiodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 5.16 Aggregation-inducedEmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 5.17 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 6 VibrationalAbsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 6.1 VibrationalNormalModesandWavefunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . 331 6.2 VibrationalExcitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 6.3 SelectionRulesandEffectsofAnharmonicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 6.4 ComparisonsofIRandRamanSpectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 6.5 EffectsofMolecularSymmetryinIRandRaman Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 6.6 RotationalAbsorptionandFineStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 6.7 InfraredSpectroscopyofProteinsandNucleicAcids. . . . . . . . 357 6.8 VibrationalStarkEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 6.9 IRLasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 6.10 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 viii Contents 7 ResonanceEnergyTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 7.2 TheFörsterTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 7.3 UsingEnergyTransfertoStudyFastProcessesinSingle ProteinMolecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 7.4 ExchangeCoupling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 7.5 EnergyTransferinPhotosyntheticAntennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 7.6 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 8 ExcitonInteractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 8.1 StationaryStatesofSystemswithInteractingMolecules. . . . . 409 8.2 EffectsofExcitonInteractionsontheAbsorptionSpectraof Oligomers. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 418 8.3 Transition-MonopoleTreatmentsofInteractionMatrix ElementsandMixingwithCharge-TransferTransitions. . . . . . 424 8.4 ExcitonAbsorptionBandShapesandDynamicLocalization ofExcitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 8.5 ExcitonStatesinPhotosyntheticAntennaComplexes. . . . . . . 431 8.6 ExcimersandExciplexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 8.7 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 9 CircularDichroism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 9.1 MagneticTransitionDipolesandn-π(cid:1)Transitions. . . . . . . . 445 9.2 TheOriginofCircularDichroism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 9.3 CircularDichroismofDimersandHigherOligomers. . . . . . . . 462 9.4 UVCircularDichroismofProteinsandNucleicAcids. . . . . . . 467 9.5 VibrationalCircularDichroism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 9.6 MagneticCircularDichroism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 9.7 Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 10 CoherenceandDephasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 10.1 OscillationsBetweenQuantumStatesofanIsolated System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 10.2 TheDensityMatrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 10.3 TheStochasticLiouvilleEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 10.4 EffectsofStochasticRelaxationsontheDynamicsof QuantumTransitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 10.5 ADensity-MatrixTreatmentofAbsorptionofWeak, ContinuousLight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 10.6 TheRelaxationMatrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 10.7 MoreGeneralRelaxationFunctionsandSpectral Lineshapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 10.8 AnomalousFluorescenceAnisotropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Contents ix 10.9 Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 11 Pump-ProbeSpectroscopy,PhotonEchoes,Two-Dimensional SpectroscopyandVibrationalWavepackets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 11.1 First-OrderOpticalPolarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 11.2 Third-OrderOpticalPolarizationandNon-linearResponse Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 11.3 Pump-ProbeSpectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 11.4 PhotonEchoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 11.5 Two-DimensionalElectronicandVibrationalSpectroscopy. . . 553 11.6 TransientGratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 11.7 VibrationalWavepackets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 11.8 WavepacketPicturesofSpectroscopicTransitions. . . . . . . . . . 568 11.9 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 12 RamanScatteringandOtherMulti-photonProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . 583 12.1 TypesofLightScattering. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 583 12.2 TheKramers-Heisenberg-DiracTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 12.3 TheWavepacketPictureofresonanceRamanScattering. . . . . 596 12.4 SelectionRulesforRamanScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 12.5 Surface-enhancedRamanScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 12.6 ApplicationsofRamanSpectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 12.7 Coherent(Stimulated)RamanScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 12.8 Multi-photonAbsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 12.9 Quasielastic(Dynamic)LightScattering(PhotonCorrelation Spectroscopy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 12.10 MiescatteringbyLargerParticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 12.11 Questions. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 AppendixA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Vectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 FourierTransforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 PhaseShiftandModulationAmplitudeinFrequency-Domain Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 CGSandSIUnitsandAbbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Harmonic-OscillatorWavefunctionIntegrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 List of Boxes Box2.1 OperatorsforObservablePropertiesMustBeHermitian.......... 38 Box2.2 CommutatorsandFormulationsofthePosition,Momentum andHamiltonianOperators........................................... 39 Box2.3 TheOriginoftheTime-DependentSchrödingerEquation........ 43 Box2.4 LinearMomentum.................................................... 51 Box2.5 HermitePolynomials................................................. 55 Box2.6 Boltzmann,Fermi-DiracandBose-EinsteinStatistics............. 74 Box3.1 Maxwell’sEquationsandtheVectorPotential..................... 93 Box4.1 EnergyofaDipoleinanExternalElectricField................... 138 Box4.2 MultipoleExpansionoftheEnergyofaSetofChargesina VariableExternalField............................................... 140 Box4.3 TheBehavioroftheFunction[exp(iy)-1]/yasygoesto0........ 143 Box4.4 TheFunctionsin2x/x2andItsIntegral.............................. 145 Box4.5 TheOscillatingElectricDipoleofaSuperpositionState.......... 147 Box4.6 TheMean-SquaredEnergyofInteractionofanExternalField withDipolesinanIsotropicSystem................................ 151 Box4.7 PhysicalConstantsandConversionFactorsforAbsorptionof Light................................................................... 153 Box4.8 EvaluatingConfiguration-InteractionCoefficients................. 181 Box4.9 TheRelationshipbetweenMatrixElementsoftheElectric DipoleandGradientOperators...................................... 185 Box4.10 MatrixElementsoftheGradientOperatorforAtomic2p Orbitals................................................................ 188 Box4.11 SelectionRulesforElectric-DipoleExcitationsofLinear Polyenes............................................................... 192 Box4.12 RecursionFormulasforVibrationalOverlapIntegrals............ 199 Box4.13 ThermallyWeightedFranck-CondonFactors...................... 201 Box4.14 ElectronicStarkSpectroscopyofImmobilizedMolecules........ 220 Box5.1 Theν3FactorintheStrickler-BergEquation....................... 256 Box5.2 CreationandAnnihilationOperators................................ 263 Box5.3 Binomial,PoissonandGaussianDistributions..................... 291 Box6.1 NormalCoordinatesandMolecular-dynamicsSimulations....... 332 Box7.1 Dipole-dipoleInteractions............................................ 383 xxii

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.